Abstract
Abstract New urease and nitrification inhibitors and polymer coatings were introduced in recent years, but their effects on N loss and plant N nutrition were scarcely examined in agronomic no-tillage production systems. A field experiment of urea treated with efficiency enhancers was conducted on no-tillage corn ( Zea mays L.) in Tennessee, the USA during 2013–2015. A field experiment on urea and ammonium nitrate (UAN) treated with efficiency enhancers was carried out on no-tillage corn in Tennessee in 2014 and 2015. Urea treated with N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) at concentrations of 20% (NBPT 1 ), 26.7% (NBPT 2 ), or 30% (NBPT 3 ) and polymer coated urea (PCU) were effective but maleic-itaconic copolymer treated urea was ineffective in reducing ammonia volatilization loss and improving N nutrition, grain yield, and N agronomic use efficiency of corn compared with untreated urea. Specifically, NBPT 1 , NBPT 2 , or NBPT 3 treated urea and PCU reduced the total ammonia volatilization loss by 29.1–78.8%, 35.4–81.9%, 77.3–87.4%, and 59.1–83.3% during the 20 days after N applications, but increased grain yield by 15.6–31.4%, 12.9–34.8%, 18.7–19.9%, and 14.6–41.1%, respectively. The inhibitory effect of NBPT on ammonia volatilization did not improve with NBPT concentration increased from 20% to 30%. UAN treated with NBPT 3 or a combination of urease and nitrification inhibitors resulted in 16.5–16.6% higher corn yield than untreated UAN only when they were surface applied. In conclusion, when urea-containing fertilizers are surface applied without any incorporation into the soil under no-tillage, their use efficiencies and performances on corn can be enhanced with an effective urease inhibitor in areas and years with noticeable urea N losses.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
NBPT 1-treated urea reduces total ammonia volatilization loss by 29.1–78.8% during the 20 days after N application.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse0 - Treatment
- NBPT 1e1
- Outcome
- total ammonia volatilization losse1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 29.1–78.8%e1
- Qualifier
- 20 days after N applicationse1
- Comparator
- untreated ureae2
- Setting
- Tennessee, the USAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment of urea treated with efficiency enhancers was conducted on no-tillage corn ( Zea mays L.) in Tennessee, the USA during 2013–2015”
e1“NBPT 1 , NBPT 2 , or NBPT 3 treated urea and PCU reduced the total ammonia volatilization loss by 29.1–78.8%, 35.4–81.9%, 77.3–87.4%, and 59.1–83.3% during the 20 days after N applications, but increased grain yield by 15.6–31.4%, 12.9–34.8%, 18.7–19.9%, and 14.6–41.1%, respectively”
e2“compared with untreated urea”
Claim · model-written summary
NBPT 2-treated urea reduces total ammonia volatilization loss by 35.4–81.9% during the 20 days after N application.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- NBPT 2e1
- Outcome
- total ammonia volatilization losse1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 35.4–81.9%e1
- Qualifier
- 20 days after N applicationse1
- Comparator
- untreated ureae2
- Setting
- Tennessee, the USAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment of urea treated with efficiency enhancers was conducted on no-tillage corn ( Zea mays L.) in Tennessee, the USA during 2013–2015”
e1“NBPT 1 , NBPT 2 , or NBPT 3 treated urea and PCU reduced the total ammonia volatilization loss by 29.1–78.8%, 35.4–81.9%, 77.3–87.4%, and 59.1–83.3% during the 20 days after N applications, but increased grain yield by 15.6–31.4%, 12.9–34.8%, 18.7–19.9%, and 14.6–41.1%, respectively”
e2“compared with untreated urea”
Claim · model-written summary
NBPT 3-treated urea reduces total ammonia volatilization loss by 77.3–87.4% during the 20 days after N application.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- NBPT 3e1
- Outcome
- total ammonia volatilization losse1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 77.3–87.4%e1
- Qualifier
- 20 days after N applicationse1
- Comparator
- untreated ureae2
- Setting
- Tennessee, the USAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment of urea treated with efficiency enhancers was conducted on no-tillage corn ( Zea mays L.) in Tennessee, the USA during 2013–2015”
e1“NBPT 1 , NBPT 2 , or NBPT 3 treated urea and PCU reduced the total ammonia volatilization loss by 29.1–78.8%, 35.4–81.9%, 77.3–87.4%, and 59.1–83.3% during the 20 days after N applications, but increased grain yield by 15.6–31.4%, 12.9–34.8%, 18.7–19.9%, and 14.6–41.1%, respectively”
e2“compared with untreated urea”
Claim · model-written summary
Polymer coated urea reduces total ammonia volatilization loss by 59.1–83.3% during the 20 days after N application.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- PCUe1
- Outcome
- total ammonia volatilization losse1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 59.1–83.3%e1
- Qualifier
- 20 days after N applicationse1
- Comparator
- untreated ureae2
- Setting
- Tennessee, the USAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment of urea treated with efficiency enhancers was conducted on no-tillage corn ( Zea mays L.) in Tennessee, the USA during 2013–2015”
e1“NBPT 1 , NBPT 2 , or NBPT 3 treated urea and PCU reduced the total ammonia volatilization loss by 29.1–78.8%, 35.4–81.9%, 77.3–87.4%, and 59.1–83.3% during the 20 days after N applications, but increased grain yield by 15.6–31.4%, 12.9–34.8%, 18.7–19.9%, and 14.6–41.1%, respectively”
e2“compared with untreated urea”
Claim · model-written summary
NBPT 1-treated urea increases corn grain yield by 15.6–31.4%.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- NBPT 1e1
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 15.6–31.4%e1
- Comparator
- untreated ureae2
- Setting
- Tennessee, the USAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment of urea treated with efficiency enhancers was conducted on no-tillage corn ( Zea mays L.) in Tennessee, the USA during 2013–2015”
e1“NBPT 1 , NBPT 2 , or NBPT 3 treated urea and PCU reduced the total ammonia volatilization loss by 29.1–78.8%, 35.4–81.9%, 77.3–87.4%, and 59.1–83.3% during the 20 days after N applications, but increased grain yield by 15.6–31.4%, 12.9–34.8%, 18.7–19.9%, and 14.6–41.1%, respectively”
e2“compared with untreated urea”
Claim · model-written summary
NBPT 2-treated urea increases corn grain yield by 12.9–34.8%.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- NBPT 2e1
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 12.9–34.8%e1
- Comparator
- untreated ureae2
- Setting
- Tennessee, the USAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment of urea treated with efficiency enhancers was conducted on no-tillage corn ( Zea mays L.) in Tennessee, the USA during 2013–2015”
e1“NBPT 1 , NBPT 2 , or NBPT 3 treated urea and PCU reduced the total ammonia volatilization loss by 29.1–78.8%, 35.4–81.9%, 77.3–87.4%, and 59.1–83.3% during the 20 days after N applications, but increased grain yield by 15.6–31.4%, 12.9–34.8%, 18.7–19.9%, and 14.6–41.1%, respectively”
e2“compared with untreated urea”
Claim · model-written summary
NBPT 3-treated urea increases corn grain yield by 18.7–19.9%.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- NBPT 3e1
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 18.7–19.9%e1
- Comparator
- untreated ureae2
- Setting
- Tennessee, the USAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment of urea treated with efficiency enhancers was conducted on no-tillage corn ( Zea mays L.) in Tennessee, the USA during 2013–2015”
e1“NBPT 1 , NBPT 2 , or NBPT 3 treated urea and PCU reduced the total ammonia volatilization loss by 29.1–78.8%, 35.4–81.9%, 77.3–87.4%, and 59.1–83.3% during the 20 days after N applications, but increased grain yield by 15.6–31.4%, 12.9–34.8%, 18.7–19.9%, and 14.6–41.1%, respectively”
e2“compared with untreated urea”
Claim · model-written summary
Polymer coated urea increases corn grain yield by 14.6–41.1%.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- PCUe1
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 14.6–41.1%e1
- Comparator
- untreated ureae2
- Setting
- Tennessee, the USAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment of urea treated with efficiency enhancers was conducted on no-tillage corn ( Zea mays L.) in Tennessee, the USA during 2013–2015”
e1“NBPT 1 , NBPT 2 , or NBPT 3 treated urea and PCU reduced the total ammonia volatilization loss by 29.1–78.8%, 35.4–81.9%, 77.3–87.4%, and 59.1–83.3% during the 20 days after N applications, but increased grain yield by 15.6–31.4%, 12.9–34.8%, 18.7–19.9%, and 14.6–41.1%, respectively”
e2“compared with untreated urea”
Claim · model-written summary
Maleic-itaconic copolymer treated urea is ineffective in reducing ammonia volatilization loss.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- maleic-itaconic copolymer treated ureae3
- Outcome
- ammonia volatilization losse3
- Direction
- ineffectivee3
- Comparator
- untreated ureae3
- Setting
- Tennessee, the USAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment of urea treated with efficiency enhancers was conducted on no-tillage corn ( Zea mays L.) in Tennessee, the USA during 2013–2015”
e3“maleic-itaconic copolymer treated urea was ineffective in reducing ammonia volatilization loss and improving N nutrition, grain yield, and N agronomic use efficiency of corn compared with untreated urea”
Claim · model-written summary
NBPT-treated urea improves N nutrition, grain yield and N agronomic use efficiency of corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- Urea treated with N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT)e4
- Outcome
- N nutrition, grain yield, and N agronomic use efficiencye3
- Direction
- effectivee4
- Comparator
- untreated ureae3
- Setting
- Tennessee, the USAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment of urea treated with efficiency enhancers was conducted on no-tillage corn ( Zea mays L.) in Tennessee, the USA during 2013–2015”
e4“Urea treated with N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) at concentrations of 20% (NBPT 1 ), 26.7% (NBPT 2 ), or 30% (NBPT 3 ) and polymer coated urea (PCU) were effective”
e3“maleic-itaconic copolymer treated urea was ineffective in reducing ammonia volatilization loss and improving N nutrition, grain yield, and N agronomic use efficiency of corn compared with untreated urea”
Claim · model-written summary
Polymer coated urea improves N nutrition, grain yield and N agronomic use efficiency of corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- polymer coated urea (PCU)e4
- Outcome
- N nutrition, grain yield, and N agronomic use efficiencye3
- Direction
- effectivee4
- Comparator
- untreated ureae3
- Setting
- Tennessee, the USAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment of urea treated with efficiency enhancers was conducted on no-tillage corn ( Zea mays L.) in Tennessee, the USA during 2013–2015”
e4“Urea treated with N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) at concentrations of 20% (NBPT 1 ), 26.7% (NBPT 2 ), or 30% (NBPT 3 ) and polymer coated urea (PCU) were effective”
e3“maleic-itaconic copolymer treated urea was ineffective in reducing ammonia volatilization loss and improving N nutrition, grain yield, and N agronomic use efficiency of corn compared with untreated urea”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing NBPT from 20% to 30% does not improve its inhibitory effect on ammonia volatilization.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- NBPT concentration increased from 20% to 30%e5
- Outcome
- inhibitory effect of NBPT on ammonia volatilizatione5
- Direction
- did not improvee5
- Comparator
- 20%e5
- Setting
- Tennessee, the USAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment of urea treated with efficiency enhancers was conducted on no-tillage corn ( Zea mays L.) in Tennessee, the USA during 2013–2015”
e5“The inhibitory effect of NBPT on ammonia volatilization did not improve with NBPT concentration increased from 20% to 30%”
Claim · model-written summary
UAN treated with NBPT 3 yields 16.5–16.6% more corn than untreated UAN, only when surface applied.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- UAN treated with NBPT 3e6
- Outcome
- corn yielde6
- Direction
- highere6
- Value
- 16.5–16.6%e6
- Qualifier
- only when they were surface appliede6
- Comparator
- untreated UANe6
- Setting
- Tennessee, the USAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment of urea treated with efficiency enhancers was conducted on no-tillage corn ( Zea mays L.) in Tennessee, the USA during 2013–2015”
e6“UAN treated with NBPT 3 or a combination of urease and nitrification inhibitors resulted in 16.5–16.6% higher corn yield than untreated UAN only when they were surface applied”
Claim · model-written summary
UAN treated with a combination of urease and nitrification inhibitors yields 16.5–16.6% more corn than untreated UAN, only when surface applied.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- a combination of urease and nitrification inhibitorse6
- Outcome
- corn yielde6
- Direction
- highere6
- Value
- 16.5–16.6%e6
- Qualifier
- only when they were surface appliede6
- Comparator
- untreated UANe6
- Setting
- Tennessee, the USAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment of urea treated with efficiency enhancers was conducted on no-tillage corn ( Zea mays L.) in Tennessee, the USA during 2013–2015”
e6“UAN treated with NBPT 3 or a combination of urease and nitrification inhibitors resulted in 16.5–16.6% higher corn yield than untreated UAN only when they were surface applied”
Claim · model-written summary
Under no-tillage with surface-applied urea fertilizers, an effective urease inhibitor can enhance use efficiency and performance on corn where urea N losses are noticeable.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- effective urease inhibitore7
- Outcome
- use efficiencies and performances on corne7
- Qualifier
- in areas and years with noticeable urea N lossese7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment of urea treated with efficiency enhancers was conducted on no-tillage corn ( Zea mays L.) in Tennessee, the USA during 2013–2015”
e7“when urea-containing fertilizers are surface applied without any incorporation into the soil under no-tillage, their use efficiencies and performances on corn can be enhanced with an effective urease inhibitor in areas and years with noticeable urea N losses”
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