Abstract
Abstract Background : The enhancement of zinc (Zn) concentration in cereal crops without compromising yield is a global challenge with crucial health and food security implications. Aims : To achieve Zn biofortification in wheat through the appropriate management of fertilization with both Zn and nitrogen (N), due to the synergistic effect between them, using natural organic sources of Zn. Methods : We carried out a field experiment using a rainfed winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) crop fertilized with four Zn sources (Zn‐sulphate, Zn‐lignosulphonate, Zn‐amino acids and Zn‐gluconate) and three N application rates under semi‐arid conditions. Results : The strategy of increasing the N rate by 50% with respect to the recommended N rate ( i.e ., 120 kg N ha −1 ) did not improve either wheat yield or grain Zn‐N concentration. The combined effect of applying natural organic Zn complexes and the recommended N rate tended to increase grain Zn concentrations (by an average of 14%), although this increase was significantly higher when Zn‐sulphate was applied (63%) due to its higher recommended Zn application rate. Natural organic Zn fertilizers achieved the highest grain yields, probably due to the enhancement of N uptake. The natural organic Zn fertilizers resulted in higher Zn utilization efficiency compared with the Zn‐sulphate fertilizer. Conclusions : In calcareous Zn‐deficient soils, our results suggest that Zn–N co‐fertilization involving Zn‐sulphate combined with the recommended N application rate would be advisable for obtaining grain Zn biofortification, while the highest yields can be obtained with the application of natural organic Zn fertilizers.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen by 50% over the recommended rate did not improve wheat yield.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- increasing the N rate by 50%e0
- Outcome
- wheat yielde0
- Direction
- did not improvee0
- Comparator
- recommended N ratee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The strategy of increasing the N rate by 50% with respect to the recommended N rate ( i.e ., 120 kg N ha −1 ) did not improve either wheat yield or grain Zn‐N concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen by 50% over the recommended rate did not improve grain Zn‐N concentration.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- increasing the N rate by 50%e0
- Outcome
- grain Zn‐N concentratione0
- Direction
- did not improvee0
- Comparator
- recommended N ratee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The strategy of increasing the N rate by 50% with respect to the recommended N rate ( i.e ., 120 kg N ha −1 ) did not improve either wheat yield or grain Zn‐N concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
Natural organic Zn complexes with recommended N tended to raise grain Zn concentration by 14% on average.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- natural organic Zn complexes and the recommended N ratee0
- Outcome
- grain Zn concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 14%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined effect of applying natural organic Zn complexes and the recommended N rate tended to increase grain Zn concentrations (by an average of 14%)”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn‐sulphate raised grain Zn concentration by 63% and exceeded the organic complexes.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Zn‐sulphatee0
- Outcome
- grain Zn concentrationse1
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 63%e0
- Comparator
- natural organic Zn complexese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this increase was significantly higher when Zn‐sulphate was applied (63%) due to its higher recommended Zn application rate”
t0“wheat”
e1“natural organic Zn complexes and the recommended N rate tended to increase grain Zn concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
Natural organic Zn fertilizers achieved the highest grain yields.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Natural organic Zn fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Natural organic Zn fertilizers achieved the highest grain yields”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher grain yield with organic Zn fertilizers was attributed tentatively to enhanced N uptake.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Natural organic Zn fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Qualifier
- enhancement of N uptakee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Natural organic Zn fertilizers achieved the highest grain yields, probably due to the enhancement of N uptake”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Natural organic Zn fertilizers produced higher Zn utilization efficiency than Zn‐sulphate.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- natural organic Zn fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- Zn utilization efficiencye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- Zn‐sulphate fertilizere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The natural organic Zn fertilizers resulted in higher Zn utilization efficiency compared with the Zn‐sulphate fertilizer”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn‐sulphate with recommended N was advised for grain zinc biofortification in calcareous Zn‐deficient soils.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Zn–N co‐fertilization involving Zn‐sulphate combined with the recommended N application ratee0
- Setting
- calcareous Zn‐deficient soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In calcareous Zn‐deficient soils, our results suggest that Zn–N co‐fertilization involving Zn‐sulphate combined with the recommended N application rate would be advisable for obtaining grain Zn biofortification”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic Zn fertilizers were advised for highest wheat yields.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- application of natural organic Zn fertilizerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while the highest yields can be obtained with the application of natural organic Zn fertilizers”
t0“wheat”
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