Abstract
Background During a preliminary study, effects of 0, 20, 40, and 60 mM NaCl salinity were assessed on germination rate in relation to electrolyte leakage (EL) in sweet pepper. Results explored significant rises in ethylene evolution from seeds having more EL. It was, therefore, hypothesized that excessive ethylene biosynthesis in plants due to salinity stress might be a root cause of low crop productivity. As salicylic acid is one of the potent ethylene inhibitors, thus SA was used to combat effects of ethylene produced under salinity stress of 60 mM NaCl on different physiological and morphological characteristics of sweet pepper. Methodology The effect of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 mM SA was evaluated on seed germination, growth and yield of sweet pepper cv. Yolo wonder at salinity stress on 60 mM NaCl. Seeds were primed with SA concentrations and incubated till 312 h in an incubator to study germination. Same SA concentrations were sprayed on foliage of plants grown in saline soil (60 mM NaCl). Results Seeds primed by 0.2 to 0.3 mM SA improved germination rate by 33% due to suppression of ethylene from 3.19 (control) to 2.23–2.70 mg plate −1 . Electrolyte leakage reduced to 20.8–21.3% in seeds treated by 0.2–0.3 mM SA compared to 39.9% in untreated seeds. Results also explored that seed priming by 0.3 mM improved TSS, SOD and chlorophyll contents from 13.7 to 15.0 mg g −1 FW, 4.64 to 5.38 activity h −1 100 mg −1 and 89 to 102 ug g −1 compared to untreated seeds, respectively. Results also explore that SA up to 0.2 mM SA applied on plant foliage improved LAI (5–13%), photosynthesis (4–27%), WUE (11–57%), dry weight (5–20%), SOD activity (4–20%) and finally fruit yield (4–20%) compared to untreated plants by ameliorating effect of 60 mM NaCl. Foliar application of SA also caused significant increase in nutrient use efficiency due to significant variations in POD and SOD activities. Conclusion Salicylic acid suppressed ethylene evolution from germinating seeds up to 30% under stress of 60 mM NaCl due to elevated levels of TSS and SOD activity. Foliar application of SA upgraded SOD by lowering POD activity to improve NUE particularly K use efficiency at salinity stress of 60 mM NaCl. Application of 0.2 and 0.3 mM SA emerged as the most effective concentrations of SA for mitigating 60 mM NaCl stress on different physiological and morphological characteristics of sweet pepper.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Seeds with greater electrolyte leakage evolved significantly more ethylene.
- Taxon
- sweet pepper
Capsicum annuumt0 - Organ / stage
- seedse0
- Compound
- ELe0
- Outcome
- ethylene evolutione0
- Direction
- risese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results explored significant rises in ethylene evolution from seeds having more EL.”
t0“sweet pepper”
Claim · model-written summary
Priming with 0.2 to 0.3 mM SA increased germination rate by 33%.
- Taxon
- sweet pepperCapsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- 0.2 to 0.3 mM SAe0
- Outcome
- germination ratee0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 33%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seeds primed by 0.2 to 0.3 mM SA improved germination rate by 33% due to suppression of ethylene from 3.19 (control) to 2.23–2.70 mg plate −1 .”
t0“sweet pepper”
Claim · model-written summary
SA priming lowered ethylene evolution from 3.19 to 2.23–2.70 mg plate −1.
- Taxon
- sweet pepperCapsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- SAe0
- Outcome
- ethylenee0
- Direction
- suppressione0
- Value
- 2.23–2.70 mg plate −1e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seeds primed by 0.2 to 0.3 mM SA improved germination rate by 33% due to suppression of ethylene from 3.19 (control) to 2.23–2.70 mg plate −1 .”
t0“sweet pepper”
Claim · model-written summary
SA priming reduced seed electrolyte leakage to 20.8–21.3% from 39.9%.
- Taxon
- sweet pepperCapsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- 0.2–0.3 mM SAe0
- Outcome
- Electrolyte leakagee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 20.8–21.3%e0
- Comparator
- untreated seedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Electrolyte leakage reduced to 20.8–21.3% in seeds treated by 0.2–0.3 mM SA compared to 39.9% in untreated seeds.”
t0“sweet pepper”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed priming with 0.3 mM SA increased TSS to 15.0 mg g −1 FW.
- Taxon
- sweet pepperCapsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- 0.3 mMe0
- Outcome
- TSSe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 15.0 mg g −1 FWe0
- Comparator
- untreated seedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed priming by 0.3 mM improved TSS, SOD and chlorophyll contents from 13.7 to 15.0 mg g −1 FW, 4.64 to 5.38 activity h −1 100 mg −1 and 89 to 102 ug g −1 compared to untreated seeds, respectively.”
t0“sweet pepper”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed priming with 0.3 mM SA increased SOD activity to 5.38 activity h −1 100 mg −1.
- Taxon
- sweet pepperCapsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- 0.3 mMe0
- Outcome
- SODe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 5.38 activity h −1 100 mg −1e0
- Comparator
- untreated seedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed priming by 0.3 mM improved TSS, SOD and chlorophyll contents from 13.7 to 15.0 mg g −1 FW, 4.64 to 5.38 activity h −1 100 mg −1 and 89 to 102 ug g −1 compared to untreated seeds, respectively.”
t0“sweet pepper”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed priming with 0.3 mM SA increased chlorophyll content to 102 ug g −1.
- Taxon
- sweet pepperCapsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- 0.3 mMe0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contentse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 102 ug g −1e0
- Comparator
- untreated seedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed priming by 0.3 mM improved TSS, SOD and chlorophyll contents from 13.7 to 15.0 mg g −1 FW, 4.64 to 5.38 activity h −1 100 mg −1 and 89 to 102 ug g −1 compared to untreated seeds, respectively.”
t0“sweet pepper”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar SA increased LAI by 5–13%.
- Taxon
- sweet pepperCapsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- SA up to 0.2 mMe0
- Outcome
- LAIe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 5–13%e0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SA up to 0.2 mM SA applied on plant foliage improved LAI (5–13%), photosynthesis (4–27%), WUE (11–57%), dry weight (5–20%), SOD activity (4–20%) and finally fruit yield (4–20%) compared to untreated plants”
t0“sweet pepper”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar SA increased photosynthesis by 4–27%.
- Taxon
- sweet pepperCapsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- SA up to 0.2 mMe0
- Outcome
- photosynthesise0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 4–27%e0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SA up to 0.2 mM SA applied on plant foliage improved LAI (5–13%), photosynthesis (4–27%), WUE (11–57%), dry weight (5–20%), SOD activity (4–20%) and finally fruit yield (4–20%) compared to untreated plants”
t0“sweet pepper”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar SA increased WUE by 11–57%.
- Taxon
- sweet pepperCapsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- SA up to 0.2 mMe0
- Outcome
- WUEe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 11–57%e0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SA up to 0.2 mM SA applied on plant foliage improved LAI (5–13%), photosynthesis (4–27%), WUE (11–57%), dry weight (5–20%), SOD activity (4–20%) and finally fruit yield (4–20%) compared to untreated plants”
t0“sweet pepper”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar SA increased dry weight by 5–20%.
- Taxon
- sweet pepperCapsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- SA up to 0.2 mMe0
- Outcome
- dry weighte0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 5–20%e0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SA up to 0.2 mM SA applied on plant foliage improved LAI (5–13%), photosynthesis (4–27%), WUE (11–57%), dry weight (5–20%), SOD activity (4–20%) and finally fruit yield (4–20%) compared to untreated plants”
t0“sweet pepper”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar SA increased SOD activity by 4–20%.
- Taxon
- sweet pepperCapsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- SA up to 0.2 mMe0
- Outcome
- SOD activitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 4–20%e0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SA up to 0.2 mM SA applied on plant foliage improved LAI (5–13%), photosynthesis (4–27%), WUE (11–57%), dry weight (5–20%), SOD activity (4–20%) and finally fruit yield (4–20%) compared to untreated plants”
t0“sweet pepper”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar SA increased fruit yield by 4–20%.
- Taxon
- sweet pepperCapsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- SA up to 0.2 mMe0
- Outcome
- fruit yielde0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 4–20%e0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SA up to 0.2 mM SA applied on plant foliage improved LAI (5–13%), photosynthesis (4–27%), WUE (11–57%), dry weight (5–20%), SOD activity (4–20%) and finally fruit yield (4–20%) compared to untreated plants”
t0“sweet pepper”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar SA significantly increased nutrient use efficiency.
- Taxon
- sweet pepperCapsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- Foliar application of SAe0
- Outcome
- nutrient use efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar application of SA also caused significant increase in nutrient use efficiency due to significant variations in POD and SOD activities.”
t0“sweet pepper”
Claim · model-written summary
SA suppressed seed ethylene evolution by up to 30% under 60 mM NaCl.
- Taxon
- sweet pepperCapsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- Salicylic acide0
- Outcome
- ethylene evolutione0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Value
- 30%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salicylic acid suppressed ethylene evolution from germinating seeds up to 30% under stress of 60 mM NaCl due to elevated levels of TSS and SOD activity.”
t0“sweet pepper”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar SA was inferred to raise SOD and lower POD to improve nutrient use efficiency.
- Taxon
- sweet pepperCapsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- Foliar application of SAe0
- Outcome
- K use efficiencye0
- Qualifier
- upgraded SOD by lowering POD activitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar application of SA upgraded SOD by lowering POD activity to improve NUE particularly K use efficiency at salinity stress of 60 mM NaCl.”
t0“sweet pepper”
Claim · model-written summary
SA at 0.2 and 0.3 mM was judged most effective for mitigating salt stress.
- Taxon
- sweet pepperCapsicum annuume0
- Treatment
- 0.2 and 0.3 mM SAe0
- Outcome
- most effective concentrations of SAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of 0.2 and 0.3 mM SA emerged as the most effective concentrations of SA for mitigating 60 mM NaCl stress on different physiological and morphological characteristics of sweet pepper.”
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