Abstract
Bacterial wilt (BW) disease caused by Ralstonia solanacearum species complex is a devastating plant disease that inflicts heavy losses to the large number of economic host plants it infects. In this study, the potential of dried powder of the arid-land medicinal shrub Rhazya stricta to control BW of tomato was explored. Both, in vitro and in planta studies were conducted, using different concentrations of dried powder of plant parts, and applied (surface mulched or mixed) to infested soil at 0, 10, and 20 days before transplanting (DBT). Aqueous extract of leaves (16% w/v) was found to be as effective as streptomycin (100 ppm) in inhibiting the in vitro growth of R. solanacearum. As evident from the scanning electron micrograph, 16% aqueous extract of leaves produced severe morphological changes, such as rupture of the bacterial cell walls. Results from the greenhouse experiments demonstrated that the higher powder dose (succulent shoot), namely, 30 g/kg of soil mixed with infested soil 20 DBT, was found to be the most effective in controlling BW. It increased root length (cm), shoot length (cm), and plant fresh biomass (g) by 55, 42, and 40%, respectively, over control plants. Mixing of plant powder with the artificially infested (35 ml of 10 8 CFU/ml per kilogram of soil) pot soil was better than surface mulching. The 30 g/kg of soil dose mixed with soil increased root length (cm), shoot length (cm), and plant fresh biomass (g) of treated plants by 67, 36, and 46%, respectively, over control plants. A 37% decrease in disease severity over the control was observed with drench application of 30 g of powder per kilogram of soil applied once at 20 DBT. Our results indicated that the dried powder (30 g/kg of soil) of leaves or succulent shoots of R. stricta, thoroughly mixed with soil, 20 DBT, could act as an effective control method against BW.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Aqueous leaf extract (16% w/v) of Rhazya stricta was as effective as streptomycin in inhibiting in vitro growth of R. solanacearum.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- Aqueous extract of leaves (16% w/v)e1
- Interactor
- R. solanacearum
Ralstonia solanacearume1pathogen - Outcome
- in vitro growthe1
- Direction
- as effective ase1
- Comparator
- streptomycin (100 ppm)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to control BW of tomato”
e1“Aqueous extract of leaves (16% w/v) was found to be as effective as streptomycin (100 ppm) in inhibiting the in vitro growth of R. solanacearum”
Claim · model-written summary
The 16% aqueous leaf extract produced severe morphological changes in bacterial cells, such as rupture of the cell walls.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- 16% aqueous extract of leavese2
- Outcome
- severe morphological changese2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to control BW of tomato”
e2“As evident from the scanning electron micrograph, 16% aqueous extract of leaves produced severe morphological changes, such as rupture of the bacterial cell walls”
Claim · model-written summary
Mixing 30 g/kg of powder into soil 20 days before transplanting was the most effective treatment for controlling bacterial wilt in greenhouse experiments.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Organ / stage
- succulent shoote3
- Treatment
- 30 g/kg of soil mixed with infested soil 20 DBTe3
- Outcome
- controlling BWe3
- Direction
- most effectivee3
- Setting
- greenhousee3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to control BW of tomato”
e3“Results from the greenhouse experiments demonstrated that the higher powder dose (succulent shoot), namely, 30 g/kg of soil mixed with infested soil 20 DBT, was found to be the most effective in controlling BW”
Claim · model-written summary
The 30 g/kg powder treatment increased root length of tomato by 55% over control plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- 30 g/kg of soil mixed with infested soil 20 DBTe3
- Outcome
- root lengthe4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 55e4
- Comparator
- control plantse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to control BW of tomato”
e3“Results from the greenhouse experiments demonstrated that the higher powder dose (succulent shoot), namely, 30 g/kg of soil mixed with infested soil 20 DBT, was found to be the most effective in controlling BW”
e4“It increased root length (cm), shoot length (cm), and plant fresh biomass (g) by 55, 42, and 40%, respectively, over control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The 30 g/kg powder treatment increased shoot length of tomato by 42% over control plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- 30 g/kg of soil mixed with infested soil 20 DBTe3
- Outcome
- shoot lengthe4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 42e4
- Comparator
- control plantse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to control BW of tomato”
e3“Results from the greenhouse experiments demonstrated that the higher powder dose (succulent shoot), namely, 30 g/kg of soil mixed with infested soil 20 DBT, was found to be the most effective in controlling BW”
e4“It increased root length (cm), shoot length (cm), and plant fresh biomass (g) by 55, 42, and 40%, respectively, over control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The 30 g/kg powder treatment increased plant fresh biomass of tomato by 40% over control plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- 30 g/kg of soil mixed with infested soil 20 DBTe3
- Outcome
- plant fresh biomasse4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 40%e4
- Comparator
- control plantse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to control BW of tomato”
e3“Results from the greenhouse experiments demonstrated that the higher powder dose (succulent shoot), namely, 30 g/kg of soil mixed with infested soil 20 DBT, was found to be the most effective in controlling BW”
e4“It increased root length (cm), shoot length (cm), and plant fresh biomass (g) by 55, 42, and 40%, respectively, over control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Powder mixed at 30 g/kg of soil increased tomato root length by 67% over control plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- The 30 g/kg of soil dose mixed with soile5
- Outcome
- root lengthe5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- 67e5
- Comparator
- control plantse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to control BW of tomato”
e5“The 30 g/kg of soil dose mixed with soil increased root length (cm), shoot length (cm), and plant fresh biomass (g) of treated plants by 67, 36, and 46%, respectively, over control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Powder mixed at 30 g/kg of soil increased tomato shoot length by 36% over control plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- The 30 g/kg of soil dose mixed with soile5
- Outcome
- shoot lengthe5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- 36e5
- Comparator
- control plantse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to control BW of tomato”
e5“The 30 g/kg of soil dose mixed with soil increased root length (cm), shoot length (cm), and plant fresh biomass (g) of treated plants by 67, 36, and 46%, respectively, over control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Powder mixed at 30 g/kg of soil increased tomato plant fresh biomass by 46% over control plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- The 30 g/kg of soil dose mixed with soile5
- Outcome
- plant fresh biomasse5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- 46%e5
- Comparator
- control plantse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to control BW of tomato”
e5“The 30 g/kg of soil dose mixed with soil increased root length (cm), shoot length (cm), and plant fresh biomass (g) of treated plants by 67, 36, and 46%, respectively, over control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Mixing the powder with infested pot soil was better than surface mulching.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Mixing of plant powdere6
- Outcome
- was better than surface mulchinge6
- Direction
- bettere6
- Comparator
- surface mulchinge6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to control BW of tomato”
e6“Mixing of plant powder with the artificially infested (35 ml of 10 8 CFU/ml per kilogram of soil) pot soil was better than surface mulching”
Claim · model-written summary
A drench of 30 g of powder per kilogram of soil at 20 days before transplanting decreased disease severity by 37% over the control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- drench application of 30 g of powder per kilogram of soile7
- Outcome
- disease severitye7
- Direction
- decreasee7
- Value
- 37%e7
- Comparator
- the controle7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to control BW of tomato”
e7“A 37% decrease in disease severity over the control was observed with drench application of 30 g of powder per kilogram of soil applied once at 20 DBT”
Claim · model-written summary
Dried Rhazya stricta powder thoroughly mixed with soil 20 days before transplanting could act as an effective control method against bacterial wilt.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- dried powder (30 g/kg of soil)e3
- Outcome
- effective control method against BWe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to control BW of tomato”
e3“Our results indicated that the dried powder (30 g/kg of soil) of leaves or succulent shoots of R. stricta, thoroughly mixed with soil, 20 DBT, could act as an effective control method against BW”
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