Abstract
Introduction Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is considered as the major cereal crop in the world in respect of the cultivated area and total production. Drought is a polygenic stress and is considered as one of the most important factors limiting crop yields around the world. Most of the Iranian soils, have a high pH and calcareous nature, and micronutrients solubility in these soils is low. Micronutrient deficiency is widespread in many Asian countries due to the calcareous nature of soils, high pH, low organic matter, salt stress, continuous drought, high bicarbonate content in irrigation water, and imbalanced application of NPK fertilizers. Micronutrients plays a critical role in increasing plant resistance to environmental stresses. Foliar nutrition is an option when nutrient deficiencies cannot be corrected by applications of nutrients to the soil. Foliar spraying of microelements is very helpful when the roots can not provide necessary nutrients. Iron as a micronutrient, is critical for chlorophyll formation and photosynthesis and is important in the enzyme systems and respiration of plants. Zinc is a ubiquitous micronutrient. It is required as a structural and functional component of many enzymes and proteins, and increases the yield and yield components of wheat. Manganese as a micronutrient, is necessary in photosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism and to form other compounds required for plant metabolism. Materials and methods To study the effect of iron, zinc and manganese foliar application on morphological and agronomic traits of bread wheat (Chamran cultivar) under irrigation regime, an experiment was conducted as split-plot with four replications in Ramhormoz city in the crop year 2016-2017. The experimental factors were included irrigation regime in two levels of complete irrigation (non-water stress) and irrigation cut from the beginning of tillering stage to the physiological ripening (water stress) as the main factor, and micronutrients foliar application in six levels of non-foliar application (control), foliar application by water, iron, zinc, manganese and iron + zinc + manganese (each 3 lit.h-1) in three times and at tillering, stemming and pollination stages as the sub factor. Solutions for foliar application were prepared by using Iron chelate (6%), Zinc chelate (7.5%) and Manganese chelate (7%). The measured traits included Peduncle length, spike length, plant height, number of tillers per m-2, number of spikes per m-2, number of grain per spike, 1000-seed weight and grain yield. At maturity, the inner two row of each plot unit were harvested to estimate grain yield, and sup sample of 1 m-2 was obtained for determining Peduncle length, spike length, plant height, number of tillers per m-2, number of spikes per m-2, number of grain per spike, 1000-seed weight. Analysis of variance was performed using general linear model (GLM) procedure of statistical analysis system (SAS version: 9.3). The means were analyzed using the least significant difference (LSD) method at P=0.05 (LSD 0.05). Results and discussion Results showed that the water stress decreased significantly (p < 0.01) traits of peduncle length (26.62%), spike length (12.87%), plant height (22.91%), number of tillers per m-2 (29.21%), number of spikes per m-2 (26.85%), number of grain per spike (13.43%), 1000-seed weight (17.37%) and grain yield (46.10%). However, the separate and combined application of iron, zinc and manganese increased the measured traits on average 15.20, 7.72, 7.32, 25.18, 23.24, 8.84, 8.76 and 32.63 percent under water stress, respectively. Meanwhile, zinc application showed the greatest effect in reducing the damage caused by water stress on measured traits. Conclusions In general, the use of micronutrients, especially zinc, as foliar application, can reduce the harmful effects caused by water stress and improve the morphological and agronomic traits of bread wheat in Ramhormoz region.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Water stress significantly reduced peduncle length by 26.62%.
- Taxon
- bread wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- water stresse0
- Outcome
- peduncle lengthe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 26.62%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results showed that the water stress decreased significantly (p < 0.01) traits of peduncle length (26.62%), spike length (12.87%), plant height (22.91%), number of tillers per m-2 (29.21%), number of spikes per m-2 (26.85%), number of grain per spike (13.43%), 1000-seed weight (17.37%) and grain yield (46.10%).”
t0“bread wheat”
t1“bread wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Water stress significantly reduced spike length by 12.87%.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- water stresse0
- Outcome
- spike lengthe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 12.87%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results showed that the water stress decreased significantly (p < 0.01) traits of peduncle length (26.62%), spike length (12.87%), plant height (22.91%), number of tillers per m-2 (29.21%), number of spikes per m-2 (26.85%), number of grain per spike (13.43%), 1000-seed weight (17.37%) and grain yield (46.10%).”
t0“bread wheat”
t1“bread wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Water stress significantly reduced plant height by 22.91%.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- water stresse0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 22.91%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results showed that the water stress decreased significantly (p < 0.01) traits of peduncle length (26.62%), spike length (12.87%), plant height (22.91%), number of tillers per m-2 (29.21%), number of spikes per m-2 (26.85%), number of grain per spike (13.43%), 1000-seed weight (17.37%) and grain yield (46.10%).”
t0“bread wheat”
t1“bread wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Water stress significantly reduced number of tillers per m-2 by 29.21%.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- water stresse0
- Outcome
- number of tillers per m-2e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 29.21%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results showed that the water stress decreased significantly (p < 0.01) traits of peduncle length (26.62%), spike length (12.87%), plant height (22.91%), number of tillers per m-2 (29.21%), number of spikes per m-2 (26.85%), number of grain per spike (13.43%), 1000-seed weight (17.37%) and grain yield (46.10%).”
t0“bread wheat”
t1“bread wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Water stress significantly reduced number of spikes per m-2 by 26.85%.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- water stresse0
- Outcome
- number of spikes per m-2e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 26.85%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results showed that the water stress decreased significantly (p < 0.01) traits of peduncle length (26.62%), spike length (12.87%), plant height (22.91%), number of tillers per m-2 (29.21%), number of spikes per m-2 (26.85%), number of grain per spike (13.43%), 1000-seed weight (17.37%) and grain yield (46.10%).”
t0“bread wheat”
t1“bread wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Water stress significantly reduced number of grain per spike by 13.43%.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- water stresse0
- Outcome
- number of grain per spikee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 13.43%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results showed that the water stress decreased significantly (p < 0.01) traits of peduncle length (26.62%), spike length (12.87%), plant height (22.91%), number of tillers per m-2 (29.21%), number of spikes per m-2 (26.85%), number of grain per spike (13.43%), 1000-seed weight (17.37%) and grain yield (46.10%).”
t0“bread wheat”
t1“bread wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Water stress significantly reduced 1000-seed weight by 17.37%.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- water stresse0
- Outcome
- 1000-seed weighte0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 17.37%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results showed that the water stress decreased significantly (p < 0.01) traits of peduncle length (26.62%), spike length (12.87%), plant height (22.91%), number of tillers per m-2 (29.21%), number of spikes per m-2 (26.85%), number of grain per spike (13.43%), 1000-seed weight (17.37%) and grain yield (46.10%).”
t0“bread wheat”
t1“bread wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Water stress significantly reduced grain yield by 46.10%.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- water stresse0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 46.10%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results showed that the water stress decreased significantly (p < 0.01) traits of peduncle length (26.62%), spike length (12.87%), plant height (22.91%), number of tillers per m-2 (29.21%), number of spikes per m-2 (26.85%), number of grain per spike (13.43%), 1000-seed weight (17.37%) and grain yield (46.10%).”
t0“bread wheat”
t1“bread wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Iron, zinc and manganese foliar application increased peduncle length under water stress.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- application of iron, zinc and manganesee0
- Outcome
- peduncle lengthe1
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 15.20e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, the separate and combined application of iron, zinc and manganese increased the measured traits on average 15.20, 7.72, 7.32, 25.18, 23.24, 8.84, 8.76 and 32.63 percent under water stress, respectively.”
t0“bread wheat”
t1“bread wheat”
e1“Results showed that the water stress decreased significantly (p < 0.01) traits of peduncle length (26.62%), spike length (12.87%), plant height (22.91%), number of tillers per m-2 (29.21%), number of spikes per m-2 (26.85%), number of grain per spike (13.43%), 1000-seed weight (17.37%) and grain yield (46.10%).”
Claim · model-written summary
Iron, zinc and manganese foliar application increased spike length under water stress.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- application of iron, zinc and manganesee0
- Outcome
- spike lengthe1
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 7.72e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, the separate and combined application of iron, zinc and manganese increased the measured traits on average 15.20, 7.72, 7.32, 25.18, 23.24, 8.84, 8.76 and 32.63 percent under water stress, respectively.”
t0“bread wheat”
t1“bread wheat”
e1“Results showed that the water stress decreased significantly (p < 0.01) traits of peduncle length (26.62%), spike length (12.87%), plant height (22.91%), number of tillers per m-2 (29.21%), number of spikes per m-2 (26.85%), number of grain per spike (13.43%), 1000-seed weight (17.37%) and grain yield (46.10%).”
Claim · model-written summary
Iron, zinc and manganese foliar application increased plant height under water stress.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- application of iron, zinc and manganesee0
- Outcome
- plant heighte1
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 7.32e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, the separate and combined application of iron, zinc and manganese increased the measured traits on average 15.20, 7.72, 7.32, 25.18, 23.24, 8.84, 8.76 and 32.63 percent under water stress, respectively.”
t0“bread wheat”
t1“bread wheat”
e1“Results showed that the water stress decreased significantly (p < 0.01) traits of peduncle length (26.62%), spike length (12.87%), plant height (22.91%), number of tillers per m-2 (29.21%), number of spikes per m-2 (26.85%), number of grain per spike (13.43%), 1000-seed weight (17.37%) and grain yield (46.10%).”
Claim · model-written summary
Iron, zinc and manganese foliar application increased number of tillers per m-2 under water stress.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- application of iron, zinc and manganesee0
- Outcome
- number of tillers per m-2e1
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 25.18e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, the separate and combined application of iron, zinc and manganese increased the measured traits on average 15.20, 7.72, 7.32, 25.18, 23.24, 8.84, 8.76 and 32.63 percent under water stress, respectively.”
t0“bread wheat”
t1“bread wheat”
e1“Results showed that the water stress decreased significantly (p < 0.01) traits of peduncle length (26.62%), spike length (12.87%), plant height (22.91%), number of tillers per m-2 (29.21%), number of spikes per m-2 (26.85%), number of grain per spike (13.43%), 1000-seed weight (17.37%) and grain yield (46.10%).”
Claim · model-written summary
Iron, zinc and manganese foliar application increased number of spikes per m-2 under water stress.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- application of iron, zinc and manganesee0
- Outcome
- number of spikes per m-2e1
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 23.24e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, the separate and combined application of iron, zinc and manganese increased the measured traits on average 15.20, 7.72, 7.32, 25.18, 23.24, 8.84, 8.76 and 32.63 percent under water stress, respectively.”
t0“bread wheat”
t1“bread wheat”
e1“Results showed that the water stress decreased significantly (p < 0.01) traits of peduncle length (26.62%), spike length (12.87%), plant height (22.91%), number of tillers per m-2 (29.21%), number of spikes per m-2 (26.85%), number of grain per spike (13.43%), 1000-seed weight (17.37%) and grain yield (46.10%).”
Claim · model-written summary
Iron, zinc and manganese foliar application increased number of grain per spike under water stress.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- application of iron, zinc and manganesee0
- Outcome
- number of grain per spikee1
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 8.84e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, the separate and combined application of iron, zinc and manganese increased the measured traits on average 15.20, 7.72, 7.32, 25.18, 23.24, 8.84, 8.76 and 32.63 percent under water stress, respectively.”
t0“bread wheat”
t1“bread wheat”
e1“Results showed that the water stress decreased significantly (p < 0.01) traits of peduncle length (26.62%), spike length (12.87%), plant height (22.91%), number of tillers per m-2 (29.21%), number of spikes per m-2 (26.85%), number of grain per spike (13.43%), 1000-seed weight (17.37%) and grain yield (46.10%).”
Claim · model-written summary
Iron, zinc and manganese foliar application increased 1000-seed weight under water stress.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- application of iron, zinc and manganesee0
- Outcome
- 1000-seed weighte1
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 8.76e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, the separate and combined application of iron, zinc and manganese increased the measured traits on average 15.20, 7.72, 7.32, 25.18, 23.24, 8.84, 8.76 and 32.63 percent under water stress, respectively.”
t0“bread wheat”
t1“bread wheat”
e1“Results showed that the water stress decreased significantly (p < 0.01) traits of peduncle length (26.62%), spike length (12.87%), plant height (22.91%), number of tillers per m-2 (29.21%), number of spikes per m-2 (26.85%), number of grain per spike (13.43%), 1000-seed weight (17.37%) and grain yield (46.10%).”
Claim · model-written summary
Iron, zinc and manganese foliar application increased grain yield under water stress.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- application of iron, zinc and manganesee0
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 32.63 percente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, the separate and combined application of iron, zinc and manganese increased the measured traits on average 15.20, 7.72, 7.32, 25.18, 23.24, 8.84, 8.76 and 32.63 percent under water stress, respectively.”
t0“bread wheat”
t1“bread wheat”
e1“Results showed that the water stress decreased significantly (p < 0.01) traits of peduncle length (26.62%), spike length (12.87%), plant height (22.91%), number of tillers per m-2 (29.21%), number of spikes per m-2 (26.85%), number of grain per spike (13.43%), 1000-seed weight (17.37%) and grain yield (46.10%).”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc gave the greatest mitigation of water stress damage to the measured traits.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- zinc applicatione0
- Outcome
- damage caused by water stress on measured traitse0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“zinc application showed the greatest effect in reducing the damage caused by water stress on measured traits”
t0“bread wheat”
t1“bread wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend foliar micronutrients, especially zinc, to reduce water stress harm and improve wheat traits in Ramhormoz.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- foliar applicatione0
- Setting
- Ramhormoz regione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the use of micronutrients, especially zinc, as foliar application, can reduce the harmful effects caused by water stress and improve the morphological and agronomic traits of bread wheat in Ramhormoz region”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.