Abstract
The effects of nitrogen fertilization (range: 0–240 kg N/ha; end of April) and supplemental irrigation (3 applications; May–June) on growth, biomass and seed yield of Cynara cardunculus were investigated in a dry environment of central Greece (Velestino, 2008/2009) during the crop’s second growth cycle. The growth was monitored by destructive sampling on April 28, May 19, June 5, July 2 and August 3 (final harvest) and it was analyzed using sigmoid curves. Nitrogen input – yield relations were analyzed using a three-quadrant diagram. Nitrogen fertilization and supplemental irrigation significantly (P<0.001) increased total dry biomass yield (24% increase), head weight (43% increase) and seed yield (50% increase). Cynara cardunculus final productivities in the dry area of Velestino during the 2 growth cycle ranged from 12.8 to 17.5 t ha (biomass) and from 1.4 to 2.8 t ha (seed) for dry and irrigated crops, respectively. Irrigation contributed most to this yield increase, because it prolonged the growing period by two weeks and increased crop growth rates (rainfed: 170, irrigated: 246 kg ha d). Nitrogen effect was more evident at advanced growth stages, when head (and seed) growth created a strong sink for nitrogen. Cynara’s nitrogen use efficiency was estimated at 125 kg dm kg N. The studied soil provided to the crop 64 to 95 kg N ha (basic uptake), while the efficiency of fertilizer application was 28% and 49% for rainfed and irrigated conditions, respectively. These estimates can serve as reference in nitrogen restoration approaches.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilization and supplemental irrigation increased total dry biomass yield by 24%.
- Taxon
- Cynara cardunculus
Cynara cardunculuse0 - Treatment
- Nitrogen fertilization and supplemental irrigatione1
- Outcome
- total dry biomass yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 24%e1
- Setting
- Velestinoe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth, biomass and seed yield of Cynara cardunculus were investigated in a dry environment of central Greece (Velestino, 2008/2009)”
e1“Nitrogen fertilization and supplemental irrigation significantly (P<0.001) increased total dry biomass yield (24% increase), head weight (43% increase) and seed yield (50% increase)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilization and supplemental irrigation increased head weight by 43%.
- Taxon
- Cynara cardunculusCynara cardunculuse0
- Treatment
- Nitrogen fertilization and supplemental irrigatione1
- Outcome
- head weighte1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 43%e1
- Setting
- Velestinoe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth, biomass and seed yield of Cynara cardunculus were investigated in a dry environment of central Greece (Velestino, 2008/2009)”
e1“Nitrogen fertilization and supplemental irrigation significantly (P<0.001) increased total dry biomass yield (24% increase), head weight (43% increase) and seed yield (50% increase)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilization and supplemental irrigation increased seed yield by 50%.
- Taxon
- Cynara cardunculusCynara cardunculuse0
- Treatment
- Nitrogen fertilization and supplemental irrigatione1
- Outcome
- seed yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 50%e1
- Setting
- Velestinoe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth, biomass and seed yield of Cynara cardunculus were investigated in a dry environment of central Greece (Velestino, 2008/2009)”
e1“Nitrogen fertilization and supplemental irrigation significantly (P<0.001) increased total dry biomass yield (24% increase), head weight (43% increase) and seed yield (50% increase)”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation prolonged the growing period of Cynara cardunculus by two weeks compared with rainfed crops.
- Taxon
- Cynara cardunculusCynara cardunculuse0
- Treatment
- Irrigatione2
- Outcome
- growing periode2
- Direction
- prolongede2
- Value
- two weekse2
- Comparator
- rainfede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth, biomass and seed yield of Cynara cardunculus were investigated in a dry environment of central Greece (Velestino, 2008/2009)”
e2“Irrigation contributed most to this yield increase, because it prolonged the growing period by two weeks”
e3“increased crop growth rates (rainfed: 170, irrigated: 246 kg ha d)”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation increased crop growth rate of Cynara cardunculus to 246 kg ha d versus 170 under rainfed conditions.
- Taxon
- Cynara cardunculusCynara cardunculuse0
- Treatment
- Irrigatione2
- Outcome
- crop growth ratese3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 246 kg ha de3
- Qualifier
- rainfed: 170e3
- Comparator
- rainfede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth, biomass and seed yield of Cynara cardunculus were investigated in a dry environment of central Greece (Velestino, 2008/2009)”
e2“Irrigation contributed most to this yield increase, because it prolonged the growing period by two weeks”
e3“increased crop growth rates (rainfed: 170, irrigated: 246 kg ha d)”
Claim · model-written summary
The nitrogen effect on Cynara cardunculus was more evident at advanced growth stages.
- Taxon
- Cynara cardunculusCynara cardunculuse0
- Organ / stage
- advanced growth stagese4
- Outcome
- Nitrogen effecte4
- Direction
- more evidente4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth, biomass and seed yield of Cynara cardunculus were investigated in a dry environment of central Greece (Velestino, 2008/2009)”
e4“Nitrogen effect was more evident at advanced growth stages, when head (and seed) growth created a strong sink for nitrogen”
Claim · model-written summary
Head growth created a strong sink for nitrogen in Cynara cardunculus at advanced growth stages.
- Taxon
- Cynara cardunculusCynara cardunculuse0
- Organ / stage
- head (and seed)e4
- Outcome
- strong sink for nitrogene4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth, biomass and seed yield of Cynara cardunculus were investigated in a dry environment of central Greece (Velestino, 2008/2009)”
e4“Nitrogen effect was more evident at advanced growth stages, when head (and seed) growth created a strong sink for nitrogen”
Claim · model-written summary
Final biomass productivity of Cynara cardunculus in the dry area of Velestino ranged from 12.8 to 17.5 t ha.
- Taxon
- Cynara cardunculusCynara cardunculuse0
- Outcome
- biomasse5
- Value
- 12.8 to 17.5 t hae5
- Qualifier
- for dry and irrigated cropse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth, biomass and seed yield of Cynara cardunculus were investigated in a dry environment of central Greece (Velestino, 2008/2009)”
e5“ranged from 12.8 to 17.5 t ha (biomass) and from 1.4 to 2.8 t ha (seed) for dry and irrigated crops, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Final seed productivity of Cynara cardunculus in the dry area of Velestino ranged from 1.4 to 2.8 t ha.
- Taxon
- Cynara cardunculusCynara cardunculuse0
- Outcome
- seede5
- Value
- 1.4 to 2.8 t hae5
- Qualifier
- for dry and irrigated cropse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth, biomass and seed yield of Cynara cardunculus were investigated in a dry environment of central Greece (Velestino, 2008/2009)”
e5“ranged from 12.8 to 17.5 t ha (biomass) and from 1.4 to 2.8 t ha (seed) for dry and irrigated crops, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen use efficiency of Cynara cardunculus was estimated at 125 kg dm per kg N.
- Taxon
- Cynara cardunculusCynara cardunculuse0
- Outcome
- nitrogen use efficiencye6
- Value
- 125 kg dm kg Ne6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth, biomass and seed yield of Cynara cardunculus were investigated in a dry environment of central Greece (Velestino, 2008/2009)”
e6“nitrogen use efficiency was estimated at 125 kg dm kg N. The studied soil provided to the crop 64 to 95 kg N ha (basic uptake)”
Claim · model-written summary
The studied soil supplied 64 to 95 kg N per ha to the crop as basic uptake.
- Taxon
- Cynara cardunculusCynara cardunculuse0
- Outcome
- basic uptakee6
- Value
- 64 to 95 kg N hae6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth, biomass and seed yield of Cynara cardunculus were investigated in a dry environment of central Greece (Velestino, 2008/2009)”
e6“nitrogen use efficiency was estimated at 125 kg dm kg N. The studied soil provided to the crop 64 to 95 kg N ha (basic uptake)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest the estimates can serve as a reference in nitrogen restoration approaches.
- Taxon
- Cynara cardunculusCynara cardunculuse0
- Outcome
- nitrogen restoration approachese7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth, biomass and seed yield of Cynara cardunculus were investigated in a dry environment of central Greece (Velestino, 2008/2009)”
e7“These estimates can serve as reference in nitrogen restoration approaches”
The same questions in other papers
irrigation · yield · Cynara cardunculus (cardoon)Positive and negative results
6 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
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See all 10 papers →fertilization · yield · Cynara cardunculus (cardoon)Positive and negative results
12 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
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See all 14 papers →irrigation · growth · Cynara cardunculus (cardoon)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.