Abstract
Abstract BACKGROUND The high cost of controlled‐release urea (CRU) has prompted this study to explore whether the amount of CRU can be reduced by adding biostimulants while maintaining or increasing rice yield. A 2 year field experiment was conducted with CRU at three levels (60%, 80%, and 100% of the recommended nitrogen (N) fertilizer) and a novel biostimulant Paecilomyces variotii extract (ZNC), to investigate their synergistic effects on yield, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and net profitability of rice. RESULTS Controlled‐release urea achieved a significantly higher gain yield and NUE than conventional urea with the same N level, which could be attributed to its N supply. Even if the N level of CRU was reduced by 40%, both rice yield and net profit were still significantly higher than for the full amount of urea. Paecilomyces variotii extract sprayed on the surface of CRU at a dose of only 87.5 mL ha −1 exhibited ultra‐high effectiveness by increasing the panicles, the N accumulation, and the rice yield. Controlled‐release urea enriched by ZNC achieved significantly higher gain yield than CRU alone, increasing the yield by 9.2% and 8.7%, respectively, in 2 years under the full recommended N rate. The combination of 80% CRU and ZNC showed no significant difference in rice yield from treatment with 100% CRU, indicating that the rate of CRU could be reduced by ZNC. The application of ZNC further increased NUE, N partial factor productivity, and net profit. CONCLUSION The CRU and ZNC combination provided a feasible approach for reducing N input while maintaining rice yield and agricultural sustainability. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
CRU improved rice grain yield over conventional urea at the same nitrogen level.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- Controlled‐release ureae0
- Outcome
- gain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- conventional ureae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Controlled‐release urea achieved a significantly higher gain yield and NUE than conventional urea with the same N level”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
CRU improved NUE over conventional urea at the same nitrogen level.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Controlled‐release ureae0
- Outcome
- NUEe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- conventional ureae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Controlled‐release urea achieved a significantly higher gain yield and NUE than conventional urea with the same N level”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Reducing CRU nitrogen by 40% still gave higher rice yield than full conventional urea.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- CRUe0
- Outcome
- rice yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 40%e0
- Comparator
- the full amount of ureae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Even if the N level of CRU was reduced by 40%, both rice yield and net profit were still significantly higher than for the full amount of urea”
Claim · model-written summary
Reducing CRU nitrogen by 40% gave higher net profit than full conventional urea.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- CRUe0
- Outcome
- net profite0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 40%e0
- Comparator
- the full amount of ureae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Even if the N level of CRU was reduced by 40%, both rice yield and net profit were still significantly higher than for the full amount of urea”
Claim · model-written summary
ZNC increased rice panicle number.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Paecilomyces variotii extract sprayed on the surface of CRU at a dose of only 87.5 mL ha −1e0
- Outcome
- paniclese0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Paecilomyces variotii extract sprayed on the surface of CRU at a dose of only 87.5 mL ha −1 exhibited ultra‐high effectiveness by increasing the panicles, the N accumulation, and the rice yield”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
ZNC increased nitrogen accumulation in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Paecilomyces variotii extract sprayed on the surface of CRU at a dose of only 87.5 mL ha −1e0
- Outcome
- N accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Paecilomyces variotii extract sprayed on the surface of CRU at a dose of only 87.5 mL ha −1 exhibited ultra‐high effectiveness by increasing the panicles, the N accumulation, and the rice yield”
Claim · model-written summary
ZNC increased rice yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Paecilomyces variotii extract sprayed on the surface of CRU at a dose of only 87.5 mL ha −1e0
- Outcome
- rice yielde0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Paecilomyces variotii extract sprayed on the surface of CRU at a dose of only 87.5 mL ha −1 exhibited ultra‐high effectiveness by increasing the panicles, the N accumulation, and the rice yield”
Claim · model-written summary
ZNC enriched CRU increased rice grain yield by 9.2% in one year.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Controlled‐release urea enriched by ZNCe0
- Outcome
- gain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 9.2%e0
- Comparator
- CRU alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Controlled‐release urea enriched by ZNC achieved significantly higher gain yield than CRU alone, increasing the yield by 9.2% and 8.7%, respectively, in 2 years under the full recommended N rate”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
ZNC enriched CRU increased rice grain yield by 8.7% in the other year.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Controlled‐release urea enriched by ZNCe0
- Outcome
- gain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 8.7%e0
- Comparator
- CRU alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Controlled‐release urea enriched by ZNC achieved significantly higher gain yield than CRU alone, increasing the yield by 9.2% and 8.7%, respectively, in 2 years under the full recommended N rate”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice yield under 80% CRU plus ZNC did not differ significantly from 100% CRU.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- 80% CRU and ZNCe0
- Outcome
- rice yielde0
- Direction
- no significant differencee0
- Comparator
- 100% CRUe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combination of 80% CRU and ZNC showed no significant difference in rice yield from treatment with 100% CRU”
Claim · model-written summary
ZNC increased rice NUE and N partial factor productivity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- ZNCe0
- Outcome
- NUE, N partial factor productivitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of ZNC further increased NUE, N partial factor productivity, and net profit”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
ZNC increased net profit.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- ZNCe0
- Outcome
- net profite0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of ZNC further increased NUE, N partial factor productivity, and net profit”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that combining CRU and ZNC can reduce nitrogen input while maintaining yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- reducing N input while maintaining rice yielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The CRU and ZNC combination provided a feasible approach for reducing N input while maintaining rice yield and agricultural sustainability”
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See all 993 papers →8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.