Abstract
In order to assess the influence of exogenous application of varying concentrations of brassinosterioids as a foliar spray in inducing salt tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), a seedling experiment was conducted in small plastic pots. A salt tolerant S-24 and a moderately salt sensitive MH-97 were grown under normal or saline conditions (150 mM NaCl) for two weeks. Varying concentrations of 24-epibrassinolide (24-epiBL) were foliarly applied @ 0 (water spray), 0.001, 0.025, 0.050, 0.075, 0.10, 0.125, 0.150, 0.175, and 0.20 mg L-1 on two wheat cultivars. S-24 and MH-97. Salt stress reduced the growth of both cultivars. However, this inhibitory effect of salt stress was less on S-24. Foliar application of brassinosteroids improved the growth. However, a maximum increase in growth of both cultivars was observed at 0.125 mg/L of BRs. Furthermore, higher concentration of brassinosteroids did not improve the growth of both wheat cultivars under normal or saline conditions. Foliar spray of brassinosteriods reduced leaf Na+, and enhanced leaf K+, leaf Ca2+, and K+/Na+ ratios, while Cl- was inconsistently increased or decreased with increasing level of brassinosteriods. Overall, salt-induced reduction in growth of wheat cultivars was alleviated by foliarly applied brassinosteriods. However, the effectiveness of brassinosteroids in ameliorating the adverse effects of salt stress depends upon the concentration applied. Brassinosteroids improved Ca 2+/Na+ and K+/Na+ ratio of wheat cultivars by enhancing uptake of Ca-+ and K+ and reducing that of Na+, which might have contributed to the salt tolerance of both wheat cultivars.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced growth in both wheat cultivars.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- saline conditions (150 mM NaCl)e2
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- normale2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress reduced the growth of both cultivars”
e1“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e2“normal or saline conditions (150 mM NaCl)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt inhibition of growth was weaker in S-24.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Material
- S-24e0
- Outcome
- inhibitory effect of salt stresse0
- Direction
- lesse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this inhibitory effect of salt stress was less on S-24”
e1“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar brassinosteroids improved wheat growth.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- Foliar application of brassinosteroidse0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- water spraye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar application of brassinosteroids improved the growth”
e1“0 (water spray)”
e2“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The maximum growth increase occurred at 0.125 mg/L of brassinosteroids in both cultivars.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- 0.125 mg/L of BRse0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- maximum increasee0
- Value
- 0.125 mg/Le0
- Comparator
- water spraye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a maximum increase in growth of both cultivars was observed at 0.125 mg/L of BRs”
e1“0 (water spray)”
e2“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher brassinosteroid concentrations did not improve growth under normal or saline conditions.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- higher concentration of brassinosteroidse0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- did not improvee0
- Qualifier
- under normal or saline conditionse0
- Comparator
- water spraye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher concentration of brassinosteroids did not improve the growth of both wheat cultivars under normal or saline conditions”
e1“0 (water spray)”
Claim · model-written summary
Brassinosteroid spray reduced wheat leaf Na+.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- Foliar spray of brassinosteriodse0
- Outcome
- leaf Na+e0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- water spraye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar spray of brassinosteriods reduced leaf Na+”
e1“0 (water spray)”
e2“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Brassinosteroid spray enhanced wheat leaf K+, Ca2+, and K+/Na+ ratios.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- Foliar spray of brassinosteriodse0
- Outcome
- leaf K+, leaf Ca2+, and K+/Na+ ratiose0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- water spraye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar spray of brassinosteriods reduced leaf Na+, and enhanced leaf K+, leaf Ca2+, and K+/Na+ ratios”
e1“0 (water spray)”
e2“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf Cl- increased or decreased inconsistently as brassinosteroid level rose.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- brassinosteriodse0
- Outcome
- Cl-e0
- Direction
- inconsistently increased or decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cl- was inconsistently increased or decreased with increasing level of brassinosteriods”
e1“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggested that improved Ca2+/Na+ and K+/Na+ ratios contributed to salt tolerance.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Brassinosteroidse0
- Outcome
- salt tolerance of both wheat cultivarse0
- Qualifier
- enhancing uptake of Ca-+ and K+ and reducing that of Na+e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Brassinosteroids improved Ca 2+/Na+ and K+/Na+ ratio of wheat cultivars by enhancing uptake of Ca-+ and K+ and reducing that of Na+, which might have contributed to the salt tolerance of both wheat cultivars”
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