Abstract
Poultry manure has a salutary effect on soil fertility, increase plant nutrients and improving the soil conditions for citrus growth, productivity and ensure economic yield with a good quality. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted during 2017 and 2018 seasons on 20 year old Washington navel orange trees grown in a private orchard in Kafr El Sheikh Governorate, Egypt. This study aims to evaluating the effect of poultry manure and ammonium sulphate alone or in combination on soil chemical properties, vegetative growth and yield of Washington navel orange trees. The treatments consist of T1 (100% inorganic nitrogen), T2 (66.6% inorganic nitrogen + 33.3% organic nitrogen), T3 (50% inorganic nitrogen + 50% organic nitrogen), T4 (33.3% inorganic nitrogen + 66.6% organic nitrogen) and T5 (100% organic nitrogen). Results indicated that, combined application of organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizer especially T4 (203.8 kg/feddan ammonium sulphate + 3.64 ton/feddan poultry manure) and T3 (305.8 kg/feddan ammonium sulphate + 2.73 ton/feddan poultry manure) resulted in significant increase in NH4+ N, NO3- N, organic matter and Zn; and decreased pH, cadmium, lead and electrical conductivity of soil. Moreover, the treatments increased leaf content values of N, P, K, Ca, Fe, Mn and Zn in both seasons. Data also indicated that application of 305.8 kg/feddan ammonium sulphate + 2.73 ton/feddan poultry manure (T3) and application of 203.8 kg/feddan ammonium sulphate + 3.64 ton/feddan poultry manure (T4) gave the highest values of tree size and vegetative growth in terms of shoot number/branch, shoot length, leaves number per shoot and leaf area of Washington navel orange trees compared to mineral nitrogen fertilizers only. As for yield and fruit quality, treatment of T3 (50% inorganic nitrogen + 50% organic nitrogen), T4 (33.3% inorganic nitrogen + 66.6% organic nitrogen) produced the highest yield and improve fruit quality in terms of fruit weight, fruit size and fruit firmness. This treatment also increased SSC%, SSC/acid ratio and vitamin C and reduced acidity, nitrate and nitrite in fruit juice. In general, combined application of 305.8 kg/feddan ammonium sulphate + 2.73 ton/feddan poultry manure (T3) was recommended for improving soil chemical properties and the best growth, yield, fruit quality and nutritional status of Washington navel orange trees.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Combined nitrogen applications, especially T4 and T3, increased soil NH4+ N, NO3- N, and organic matter.
- Taxon
- Washington navel orange treese1
- Treatment
- T4 (203.8 kg/feddan ammonium sulphate + 3.64 ton/feddan poultry manure)e0
- Outcome
- NH4+ N, NO3- N, organic mattere0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“combined application of organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizer especially T4 (203.8 kg/feddan ammonium sulphate + 3.64 ton/feddan poultry manure) and T3 (305.8 kg/feddan ammonium sulphate + 2.73 ton/feddan poultry manure) resulted in significant increase in NH4+ N, NO3- N, organic matter and Zn”
e1“leaf area of Washington navel orange trees compared”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined nitrogen applications, especially T4 and T3, increased soil Zn.
- Taxon
- Washington navel orange treese1
- Treatment
- T3 (305.8 kg/feddan ammonium sulphate + 2.73 ton/feddan poultry manure)e0
- Outcome
- Zne0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“combined application of organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizer especially T4 (203.8 kg/feddan ammonium sulphate + 3.64 ton/feddan poultry manure) and T3 (305.8 kg/feddan ammonium sulphate + 2.73 ton/feddan poultry manure) resulted in significant increase in NH4+ N, NO3- N, organic matter and Zn”
e1“leaf area of Washington navel orange trees compared”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined fertilizers decreased soil pH, cadmium, and lead.
- Taxon
- Washington navel orange treese2
- Treatment
- combined application of organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizere1
- Outcome
- pH, cadmium, leade0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“decreased pH, cadmium, lead and electrical conductivity of soil.”
e1“combined application of organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizer”
e2“leaf area of Washington navel orange trees compared”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined fertilizers decreased soil electrical conductivity.
- Taxon
- Washington navel orange treese2
- Treatment
- combined application of organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizere1
- Outcome
- electrical conductivity of soile0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“decreased pH, cadmium, lead and electrical conductivity of soil.”
e1“combined application of organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizer”
e2“leaf area of Washington navel orange trees compared”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments increased leaf N, P, and K content in both seasons.
- Taxon
- Washington navel orange treese1
- Treatment
- the treatmentse0
- Outcome
- leaf content values of N, P, Ke0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the treatments increased leaf content values of N, P, K, Ca, Fe, Mn and Zn in both seasons.”
e1“leaf area of Washington navel orange trees compared”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments increased leaf Ca, Fe, and Mn content in both seasons.
- Taxon
- Washington navel orange treese1
- Treatment
- the treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Ca, Fe, Mne0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the treatments increased leaf content values of N, P, K, Ca, Fe, Mn and Zn in both seasons.”
e1“leaf area of Washington navel orange trees compared”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments increased leaf Zn content in both seasons.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the treatments increased leaf content values of N, P, K, Ca, Fe, Mn and Zn in both seasons.”
e1“leaf area of Washington navel orange trees compared”
Claim · model-written summary
T3 and T4 gave highest tree size and shoot number, shoot length, and leaf number versus mineral fertilizer alone.
Verbatim
e0“application of 305.8 kg/feddan ammonium sulphate + 2.73 ton/feddan poultry manure (T3) and application of 203.8 kg/feddan ammonium sulphate + 3.64 ton/feddan poultry manure (T4) gave the highest values of tree size and vegetative growth in terms of shoot number/branch, shoot length, leaves number per shoot and leaf area of Washington navel orange trees compared to mineral nitrogen fertilizers only.”
Claim · model-written summary
T3 and T4 produced highest yield.
- Taxon
- Washington navel orange treese1
- Treatment
- T3 (50% inorganic nitrogen + 50% organic nitrogen)e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“treatment of T3 (50% inorganic nitrogen + 50% organic nitrogen), T4 (33.3% inorganic nitrogen + 66.6% organic nitrogen) produced the highest yield and improve fruit quality in terms of fruit weight, fruit size and fruit firmness.”
e1“leaf area of Washington navel orange trees compared”
Claim · model-written summary
T3 and T4 improved fruit weight, size, and firmness.
- Taxon
- Washington navel orange treese1
- Treatment
- T4 (33.3% inorganic nitrogen + 66.6% organic nitrogen)e0
- Outcome
- fruit weight, fruit size and fruit firmnesse0
- Direction
- improvee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“treatment of T3 (50% inorganic nitrogen + 50% organic nitrogen), T4 (33.3% inorganic nitrogen + 66.6% organic nitrogen) produced the highest yield and improve fruit quality in terms of fruit weight, fruit size and fruit firmness.”
e1“leaf area of Washington navel orange trees compared”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined treatment increased SSC%, SSC/acid ratio, and vitamin C.
- Taxon
- Washington navel orange treese2
- Treatment
- T3 (50% inorganic nitrogen + 50% organic nitrogen)e1
- Outcome
- SSC%, SSC/acid ratio and vitamin Ce0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“This treatment also increased SSC%, SSC/acid ratio and vitamin C and reduced acidity, nitrate and nitrite in fruit juice.”
e1“treatment of T3 (50% inorganic nitrogen + 50% organic nitrogen), T4 (33.3% inorganic nitrogen + 66.6% organic nitrogen) produced the highest yield”
e2“leaf area of Washington navel orange trees compared”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined treatment reduced fruit juice acidity, nitrate, and nitrite.
- Taxon
- Washington navel orange treese2
- Treatment
- T3 (50% inorganic nitrogen + 50% organic nitrogen)e1
- Outcome
- acidity, nitrate and nitrite in fruit juicee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“This treatment also increased SSC%, SSC/acid ratio and vitamin C and reduced acidity, nitrate and nitrite in fruit juice.”
e1“treatment of T3 (50% inorganic nitrogen + 50% organic nitrogen), T4 (33.3% inorganic nitrogen + 66.6% organic nitrogen) produced the highest yield”
e2“leaf area of Washington navel orange trees compared”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommended T3 to improve soil chemistry, growth, yield, quality, and nutrition.
Verbatim
e0“combined application of 305.8 kg/feddan ammonium sulphate + 2.73 ton/feddan poultry manure (T3) was recommended for improving soil chemical properties and the best growth, yield, fruit quality and nutritional status of Washington navel orange trees.”
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