Abstract
Cold stress inhibits rice germination and seedling growth. Brassinolide (BR) plays key roles in plant growth, development, and stress responses. In this study, we explored the underlying mechanisms whereby BR helps alleviate cold stress in rice seedlings. BR application to the growth medium significantly increased seed germination and seedling growth of the early rice cultivar “Zhongzao 39” after three days of cold treatment. Specifically, BR significantly increased soluble protein and soluble sugar contents after three days of cold treatment. Moreover, BR stimulated the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase; thereby alleviating cold-induced damage and increasing glutathione content and the GSH/GSSG ratio while concomitantly reducing H2O2 content. BR upregulated the expression levels of cold-response-related genes, including OsICE1, OsFer1, OsCOLD1, OsLti6a, OsSODB, OsMyb, and OsTERF2, and downregulated that of OsWRKY45, overall alleviating cold stress symptoms. Thus, BR not only upregulated cellular osmotic content and the antioxidant enzyme system to maintain the physiological balance of reactive oxygen species under cold but, additionally, it regulated the expression of cold-response-related genes to alleviate cold stress symptoms. These results provide a theoretical basis for rice breeding for cold resistance using young seedlings.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
BR significantly increased germination and seedling growth of Zhongzao 39 rice after three days of cold treatment.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Material
- Zhongzao 39e0
- Treatment
- BR application to the growth mediume0
- Outcome
- seed germination and seedling growthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- after three days of cold treatmente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BR application to the growth medium significantly increased seed germination and seedling growth of the early rice cultivar “Zhongzao 39” after three days of cold treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
BR significantly increased rice soluble protein and soluble sugar contents after three days of cold treatment.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- BRe0
- Outcome
- soluble protein and soluble sugar contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- after three days of cold treatmente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BR significantly increased soluble protein and soluble sugar contents after three days of cold treatment.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
BR stimulated rice superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase activities under cold stress.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- BRe0
- Outcome
- activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidasee0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BR stimulated the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
BR stimulated rice ascorbate peroxidase activity under cold stress.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- BRe0
- Outcome
- ascorbate peroxidasee0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BR stimulated the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
BR increased rice glutathione content and GSH/GSSG ratio under cold stress.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- BRe0
- Outcome
- glutathione content and the GSH/GSSG ratioe0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BR stimulated the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase; thereby alleviating cold-induced damage and increasing glutathione content and the GSH/GSSG ratio while concomitantly reducing H2O2 content.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
BR reduced rice H2O2 content under cold stress.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- BRe0
- Outcome
- H2O2 contente0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BR stimulated the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase; thereby alleviating cold-induced damage and increasing glutathione content and the GSH/GSSG ratio while concomitantly reducing H2O2 content.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
BR upregulated rice OsICE1, OsFer1 and OsCOLD1 expression under cold stress.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- BRe0
- Gene
- OsICE1, OsFer1, OsCOLD1e0
- Outcome
- expression levelse0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BR upregulated the expression levels of cold-response-related genes, including OsICE1, OsFer1, OsCOLD1, OsLti6a, OsSODB, OsMyb, and OsTERF2”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
BR upregulated rice OsLti6a, OsSODB and OsMyb expression under cold stress.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- BRe0
- Gene
- OsLti6a, OsSODB, OsMybe0
- Outcome
- expression levelse0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BR upregulated the expression levels of cold-response-related genes, including OsICE1, OsFer1, OsCOLD1, OsLti6a, OsSODB, OsMyb, and OsTERF2”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
BR upregulated rice OsTERF2 expression under cold stress.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BR upregulated the expression levels of cold-response-related genes, including OsICE1, OsFer1, OsCOLD1, OsLti6a, OsSODB, OsMyb, and OsTERF2”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
BR downregulated rice OsWRKY45 expression under cold stress.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- BRe0
- Gene
- OsWRKY45e0
- Outcome
- expression levelse0
- Direction
- downregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BR upregulated the expression levels of cold-response-related genes, including OsICE1, OsFer1, OsCOLD1, OsLti6a, OsSODB, OsMyb, and OsTERF2, and downregulated that of OsWRKY45, overall alleviating cold stress symptoms.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude BR alleviates rice cold stress through cellular osmotic content, antioxidant enzymes and cold-response gene regulation.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- BRe0
- Outcome
- alleviate cold stress symptomse0
- Qualifier
- upregulated cellular osmotic content and the antioxidant enzyme systeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BR not only upregulated cellular osmotic content and the antioxidant enzyme system to maintain the physiological balance of reactive oxygen species under cold but, additionally, it regulated the expression of cold-response-related genes to alleviate cold stress symptoms.”
t0“Rice”
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