Abstract
Abstract Background N -acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) are used as quorum-sensing signals by Gram-negative bacteria, but they can also affect plant growth and disease resistance. N -decanoyl-L-homoserine lactone (C10-HSL) is an AHL that has been shown to inhibit primary root growth in Arabidopsis , but the mechanisms underlying its effects on root architecture are unclear. Here, we investigated the signaling components involved in C10-HSL-mediated inhibition of primary root growth in Arabidopsis , and their interplay, using pharmacological, physiological, and genetic approaches. Results Treatment with C10-HSL triggered a transient and immediate increase in the concentrations of cytosolic free Ca 2+ and reactive oxygen species (ROS), increased the activity of mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 (MPK6), and induced nitric oxide (NO) production in Arabidopsis roots. Inhibitors of Ca 2+ channels significantly alleviated the inhibitory effect of C10-HSL on primary root growth and reduced the amounts of ROS and NO generated in response to C10-HSL. Inhibition or scavenging of ROS and NO neutralized the inhibitory effect of C10-HSL on primary root growth. In terms of primary root growth, the respiratory burst oxidase homolog mutants and a NO synthase mutant were less sensitive to C10-HSL than wild type. Activation of MPKs, especially MPK6, was required for C10-HSL to inhibit primary root growth. The mpk6 mutant showed reduced sensitivity of primary root growth to C10-HSL, suggesting that MPK6 plays a key role in the inhibition of primary root growth by C10-HSL. Conclusion Our results indicate that MPK6 acts downstream of ROS and upstream of NO in the response to C10-HSL. Our data also suggest that Ca 2+ , ROS, MPK6, and NO are all involved in the response to C10-HSL, and may participate in the cascade leading to C10-HSL-inhibited primary root growth in Arabidopsis.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
C10-HSL transiently increased cytosolic calcium and ROS concentrations.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsist0 - Treatment
- C10-HSLe0
- Outcome
- concentrations of cytosolic free Ca 2+ and reactive oxygen species (ROS)e0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- transient and immediatee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment with C10-HSL triggered a transient and immediate increase in the concentrations of cytosolic free Ca 2+ and reactive oxygen species (ROS)”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
C10-HSL increased MPK6 activity.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- N-decanoyl-L-homoserine lactonet0
- Outcome
- activity of mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 (MPK6)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the activity of mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 (MPK6)”
t0“Arabidopsis primary root growth by bacterial quorum-sensing signal N-decanoyl-L-homoserine lactone”
Claim · model-written summary
C10-HSL induced nitric oxide production in Arabidopsis roots.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Treatment
- N-decanoyl-L-homoserine lactonet0
- Outcome
- nitric oxide (NO) productione0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“induced nitric oxide (NO) production in Arabidopsis roots”
t0“N-decanoyl-L-homoserine lactone”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium channel inhibitors alleviated C10-HSL inhibition of primary root growth.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- Inhibitors of Ca 2+ channelse0
- Outcome
- inhibitory effect of C10-HSL on primary root growthe0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inhibitors of Ca 2+ channels significantly alleviated the inhibitory effect of C10-HSL on primary root growth”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium channel inhibitors reduced ROS and NO generated by C10-HSL.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- N-decanoyl-L-homoserine lactonet0
- Outcome
- amounts of ROS and NOe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced the amounts of ROS and NO generated in response to C10-HSL”
t0“Arabidopsis primary root growth by bacterial quorum-sensing signal N-decanoyl-L-homoserine lactone”
Claim · model-written summary
ROS inhibition or scavenging neutralized C10-HSL root growth inhibition.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- Inhibition or scavenging of ROS and NOe0
- Outcome
- inhibitory effect of C10-HSL on primary root growthe0
- Direction
- neutralizede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inhibition or scavenging of ROS and NO neutralized the inhibitory effect of C10-HSL on primary root growth”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Respiratory burst oxidase and NO synthase mutants showed reduced C10-HSL sensitivity of root growth.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- respiratory burst oxidase homolog mutants and a NO synthase mutante0
- Outcome
- sensitive to C10-HSLe0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Comparator
- wild typee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the respiratory burst oxidase homolog mutants and a NO synthase mutant were less sensitive to C10-HSL than wild type”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
MPK activation, especially MPK6, was required for C10-HSL root growth inhibition.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- MPK6e0
- Outcome
- inhibit primary root growthe0
- Qualifier
- Activation of MPKs, especially MPK6e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Activation of MPKs, especially MPK6, was required for C10-HSL to inhibit primary root growth”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
The mpk6 mutant had reduced root growth sensitivity to C10-HSL.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- mpk6 mutante0
- Outcome
- sensitivity of primary root growth to C10-HSLe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The mpk6 mutant showed reduced sensitivity of primary root growth to C10-HSL”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
MPK6 acts downstream of ROS and upstream of NO in C10-HSL response.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- MPK6e0
- Outcome
- response to C10-HSLe0
- Qualifier
- downstream of ROS and upstream of NOe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MPK6 acts downstream of ROS and upstream of NO in the response to C10-HSL”
t0“Arabidopsis”
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