Effect of integrated nutrients management and drought mitigating strategies on yield, water use efficiency and soil fertility of rainfed chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Farm, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh (India) on sandy clay loam soil during winter season of 2012-13 and 2013-14 to find out the effect of integrated nutrients and drought mitigating strategies on productivity, water use efficiency and soil health of rainfed chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). The result showed that the application of 100% RDF + 2% urea spray proved significantly superior to the 100% RDF+ 25% N (VC), 100% RDF + 5 kg Zn/ha and 100% RDF in terms of the number of pods/plant (51.41), seed pod (1.18), 100-seed weight (26.81 g), seed yield (1 200 kg/ha) and water use efficiency (13.36 kg/ha/mm) of chickpea and available nutrients in soils (187.06 kg/ha N, 22.66 kg/ha P2O5, 203.99 kg/ha K2O, 18.20 kg/ha S and 0.66 mg/kg Zn soil) during both the years. Similarly, foliar spray of 2% KCl + 0.4% sodium selenite recorded maximum values of number of pods/plant (55.06), seeds/pod (1.14), 100-seed weight (26.16 g) and finally seed yield (1 159 kg/ha) of chickpea which was found comparable to 2% KCl during both the years. Maximum water use efficiency (12.93 kg/ha mm) and available soil nutrients (188.57 kg/ha N, 22.15 kg/ha P2O5, 204.03 kg/ha K2O, 17.83 kg/ha S and 0.66 mg/kg Zn soil) were recorded highest under 2% KCl + 0.4% sodium selenite during both the years.

Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by-nc-sa. Read at the source ↗

The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.

Claims 10

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

100% RDF plus urea spray gave superior chickpea pod number.

Taxon: chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
Treatment: 100% RDF + 2% urea spraye0
Outcome: number of pods/plante0
Direction: superiore0
Value: 51.41e0
Comparator: 100% RDFe0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

*Cicer arietinum* · TaxonSanjay Acharya · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0
“application of 100% RDF + 2% urea spray proved significantly superior to the 100% RDF+ 25% N (VC), 100% RDF + 5 kg Zn/ha and 100% RDF in terms of the number of pods/plant (51.41)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 430–608 · show in text ↑

t0
“chickpea”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 137–145 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

The same treatment gave superior seed number per pod.

Taxon: chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
Treatment: 100% RDF + 2% urea spraye0
Outcome: seed pode0
Direction: superiore0
Value: 1.18e0
Comparator: 100% RDFe0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“100% RDF + 2% urea spray proved significantly superior to the 100% RDF+ 25% N (VC), 100% RDF + 5 kg Zn/ha and 100% RDF in terms of the number of pods/plant (51.41), seed pod (1.18)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 445–625 · show in text ↑

t0
“chickpea”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 137–145 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

The same treatment gave superior 100-seed weight.

Taxon: chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
Treatment: 100% RDF + 2% urea spraye0
Outcome: 100-seed weighte0
Direction: superiore0
Value: 26.81 ge0
Comparator: 100% RDFe0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“100% RDF + 2% urea spray proved significantly superior to the 100% RDF+ 25% N (VC), 100% RDF + 5 kg Zn/ha and 100% RDF in terms of the number of pods/plant (51.41), seed pod (1.18), 100-seed weight (26.81 g)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 445–652 · show in text ↑

t0
“chickpea”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 137–145 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

The same treatment gave superior seed yield.

Taxon: chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
Treatment: 100% RDF + 2% urea spraye0
Outcome: seed yielde0
Direction: superiore0
Value: 1 200 kg/hae0
Comparator: 100% RDFe0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“100% RDF + 2% urea spray proved significantly superior to the 100% RDF+ 25% N (VC), 100% RDF + 5 kg Zn/ha and 100% RDF in terms of the number of pods/plant (51.41), seed pod (1.18), 100-seed weight (26.81 g), seed yield (1 200 kg/ha)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 445–678 · show in text ↑

t0
“chickpea”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 137–145 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

The same treatment gave superior water use efficiency.

Taxon: chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
Treatment: 100% RDF + 2% urea spraye0
Outcome: water use efficiencye0
Direction: superiore0
Value: 13.36 kg/ha/mme0
Comparator: 100% RDFe0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“100% RDF + 2% urea spray proved significantly superior to the 100% RDF+ 25% N (VC), 100% RDF + 5 kg Zn/ha and 100% RDF in terms of the number of pods/plant (51.41), seed pod (1.18), 100-seed weight (26.81 g), seed yield (1 200 kg/ha) and water use efficiency (13.36 kg/ha/mm)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 445–720 · show in text ↑

t0
“chickpea”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 137–145 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Foliar KCl plus sodium selenite maximized pods per plant.

Taxon: chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
Treatment: 2% KCl + 0.4% sodium selenitee0
Outcome: number of pods/plante0
Direction: maximume0
Value: 55.06e0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“foliar spray of 2% KCl + 0.4% sodium selenite recorded maximum values of number of pods/plant (55.06)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 891–992 · show in text ↑

t0
“chickpea”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 137–145 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Foliar KCl plus sodium selenite maximized seeds per pod.

Taxon: chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
Treatment: 2% KCl + 0.4% sodium selenitee0
Outcome: seeds/pode0
Direction: maximume0
Value: 1.14e0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“foliar spray of 2% KCl + 0.4% sodium selenite recorded maximum values of number of pods/plant (55.06), seeds/pod (1.14)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 891–1010 · show in text ↑

t0
“chickpea”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 137–145 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Foliar KCl plus sodium selenite maximized 100-seed weight.

Taxon: chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
Treatment: 2% KCl + 0.4% sodium selenitee0
Outcome: 100-seed weighte0
Direction: maximume0
Value: 26.16 ge0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“foliar spray of 2% KCl + 0.4% sodium selenite recorded maximum values of number of pods/plant (55.06), seeds/pod (1.14), 100-seed weight (26.16 g)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 891–1037 · show in text ↑

t0
“chickpea”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 137–145 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Foliar KCl plus sodium selenite maximized seed yield.

Taxon: chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
Treatment: 2% KCl + 0.4% sodium selenitee0
Outcome: seed yielde0
Direction: maximume0
Value: 1 159 kg/hae0
Comparator: 2% KCle0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“foliar spray of 2% KCl + 0.4% sodium selenite recorded maximum values of number of pods/plant (55.06), seeds/pod (1.14), 100-seed weight (26.16 g) and finally seed yield (1 159 kg/ha)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 891–1074 · show in text ↑

t0
“chickpea”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 137–145 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Foliar KCl plus sodium selenite gave maximum water use efficiency.

Taxon: chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
Treatment: 2% KCl + 0.4% sodium selenitee0
Outcome: water use efficiencye0
Direction: Maximume0
Value: 12.93 kg/ha mme0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“Maximum water use efficiency (12.93 kg/ha mm) and available soil nutrients (188.57 kg/ha N, 22.15 kg/ha P2O5, 204.03 kg/ha K2O, 17.83 kg/ha S and 0.66 mg/kg Zn soil) were recorded highest under 2% KCl + 0.4% sodium selenite”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1147–1370 · show in text ↑

t0
“chickpea”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 137–145 · show in text ↑

disodium selenite · yield · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results agree

3 papers: 3 positive, 0 negative or no effect

2 papers in the same direction as this paper

positive
2% KCl plus 0.4% sodium selenite gave maximum chickpea growth and yield, comparable to 2% KCl.
Effect of integrated nutrient management and drought mitigating practices on performance of rainfed chickpea (Cicer arietinum) · 2017 · compared with 2% KCl
Same direction
positive
The input combination gave maximum Gross return of 124481.70 INR/ha.
Effect of Phosphorus Management and Drought Mitigating Strategies on Yield and Economics of Rainfed Chickpea · 2022
Same direction

See all 3 papers →

potassium chloride · yield · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results agree

6 papers: 6 positive, 0 negative or no effect

5 papers in the same direction as this paper

positive
2% KCl plus 0.4% sodium selenite gave maximum chickpea growth and yield, comparable to 2% KCl.
Effect of integrated nutrient management and drought mitigating practices on performance of rainfed chickpea (Cicer arietinum) · 2017 · compared with 2% KCl
Same direction
positive
K at 100 kg ha−1 KCl produced the highest grain yield increase in chickpea.
Potassium requirement, nutrient uptake and efficiency of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in Vertisols of North West Ethiopia · 2023
Same direction
positive
Foliar TDZ at 10 ppm with 1% KCl enhanced seed filling duration by 2.59 days relative to the untreated control.
Phenological Variation in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties through Foliar Application of Cytokinin Analogs and Nutrients under Water Deficit Stress · 2024 · compared with untreated control
Same direction

2 papers more in this group

See all 6 papers →

nitrogen · yield · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results differ

102 papers: 93 positive, 9 negative or no effect

92 papers in the same direction as this paper · 9 in the opposite direction

no effect
Chickpea grain yield was unaffected by fertilizer nitrogen supply and ranged from 2.0–2.4 t/ha.
Nitrogen fixation and soil nitrate interactions in field-grown chickpea ( Cicer arietinum ) and fababean ( Vicia faba ) · 2002
Opposite direction
negative
Above 80–120 kg ha −1 N, chickpea production decreased.
NITROGEN FIXATION OF GRAIN LEGUMES DIFFERS IN RESPONSE TO NITROGEN FERTILISATION · 2016
Opposite direction
no effect
Additional nitrogen had no significant effect on chickpea seed yield.
Response of Chickpea to Nitrogen, and a Comparison of the Factors Affecting Chickpea Seed Yield with those Affecting Wheat Grain Yield · 1995
Opposite direction

98 papers more in this group

See all 102 papers →

application · yield · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Positive and negative results

177 papers: 173 positive, 4 negative or no effect

172 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction

negative
Foliar iron application decreased mean shoot dry matter yield.
Iron‐Manganese Interaction in Chickpea as Affected by Foliar and Soil Application of Iron in a Calcareous Soil · 2005
Opposite direction
no effect
Ultra low volume spraying did not influence chickpea grain yield.
Performance of different sprayers against gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) on chickpea · 2007
Opposite direction
no effect
Combined irrigation and foliar spray did not significantly affect yield and related traits.
Effect of Foliar Application of Organic and Inorganic Substances on the Yield of Chick Pea under Limited Water Supply · 2019
Opposite direction

173 papers more in this group

See all 177 papers →

fertilization · yield · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Positive and negative results

345 papers: 326 positive, 19 negative or no effect

325 papers in the same direction as this paper · 15 in the opposite direction · 4 reporting no difference from an alternative

no effect
Chickpea grain yield was unaffected by fertilizer nitrogen supply and ranged from 2.0–2.4 t/ha.
Nitrogen fixation and soil nitrate interactions in field-grown chickpea ( Cicer arietinum ) and fababean ( Vicia faba ) · 2002
Opposite direction
no effect
Nitrogen fertilization had no significant effect on nutrient uptake and biomass production.
Arbuscular mycorrhiza enhances nutrient uptake in chickpea · 2011
Opposite direction
no effect
Field growth, shoot P concentration and seed yield were unaffected by P fertilization.
Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhiza and Phosphorus Uptake of Chickpea Grown in Northern Syria · 1992
Opposite direction

341 papers more in this group

See all 345 papers →

nitrogen · physiology: water · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results agree

3 papers: 3 positive, 0 negative or no effect

2 papers in the same direction as this paper

positive
50 kg urea/ha produced the highest leaf relative water content, statistically comparable to 75 kg urea/ha.
Organic and Inorganic Nitrogen Fertilization Effects on Some Physiological and Agronomical Traits of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in Irrigated Condition · 2013 · compared with 75 kg urea/ha application
Same direction
positive
Combined nitrogen reduced losses of absolute growth rate and water use efficiency at higher salinity.
RESPONSE OF CHICKPEA TO NITROGEN SOURCES UNDER SALINITY STRESS · 2013
Same direction

See all 3 papers →

application · physiology: water · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results agree

8 papers: 8 positive, 0 negative or no effect

7 papers in the same direction as this paper

positive
Soaking Cicer arietinum seeds in 4-Cl-IAA solution favoured relative water content and moisture content.
Effect of 4-Cl-indole-3-acetic acid on the seed germination of Cicer arietinum exposed to cadmium · 2007
Same direction
positive
Foliar PBZ at 60 mg l-1 maximally enhanced relative water content and membrane stability under deficit and recovery.
Optimization of Paclobutrazol Dose for Foliar and Drenching Applications under Water Deficit Stress in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) · 2017
Same direction
positive
Foliar salicylic acid at 50 ppm significantly increased relative water content, grain yield and crop growth rate relative to control.
Effect of tillage and bioregulators on physiological parameters and yield of rainfed chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) · 2024 · compared with control
Same direction

4 papers more in this group

See all 8 papers →

fertilization · physiology: water · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results agree

10 papers: 10 positive, 0 negative or no effect

9 papers in the same direction as this paper

positive
At moderate and severe water stress, 30% vermicompost increased carotenoids and water-use efficiency.
Influence of Vermicompost Fertilizer and Water Deficit Stress on Morpho-Physiological Features of Chickpea (Cicer arietinumL.cv. karaj) · 2017 · compared with control level
Same direction
positive
All P fertilizers significantly improved chickpea seed quality and water productivity.
Phosphorus fertilizer form and application frequency affect soil P availability, chickpea yield, and P use efficiency under drip fertigation · 2022 · compared with unfertilized control
Same direction
positive
Field bunding with farmyard manure (FYM) at 10 t/ha improved chickpea yield, nodulation and water use efficiency.
Effect of moisture conservation practices, phosphorus levels and bacterial inoculation on chickpea (Cicer arietinum) under rainfed condition · 2001
Same direction

6 papers more in this group

See all 10 papers →

Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.

Abstract

Claims 10

The same questions in other papers

disodium selenite · yield · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results agree

potassium chloride · yield · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results agree

nitrogen · yield · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results differ

application · yield · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Positive and negative results

fertilization · yield · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Positive and negative results

nitrogen · physiology: water · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results agree

application · physiology: water · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results agree

fertilization · physiology: water · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results agree