Response of Phosphorus and Zinc on Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted at the Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj during Rabi season 2022-23 on chickpea crop. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with ten treatments and three replication. The treatments consist of 3 levels of Phosphorus (30, 40 and 50 kg/ha) and 3 levels of Zinc (10, 15 and 20 kg/ha). The treatment combinations are as follows, T1 – 30 kg/ha Phosphorus + 10 kg/ha Zinc, T2 – 30 kg/ha Phosphorus and 15 kg/ha Zinc, T3 – 30 kg/ha Phosphorus and 20 kg/h Zinc, T4 – 40 kg/ha Phosphorus + 10 kg/ha Zinc, T5 – 40 kg/ha Phosphorus + 15 kg/ha Zinc, T6 – 40 kg/ha Phosphorus + 20 kg/ha Zinc, T7 – 50 kg/ha Phosphorus + 10 kg/ha Zinc, T8 – 50 kg/ha Phosphorus + 15 kg/ha Zinc, T9 – 50 kg/ha Phosphorus + 20 kg/ha Zinc and T10 – (control). The nutrient sources were Urea, Single Super Phosphate (SSP) and Muriate of Potash (MOP), applied as per the recommended dose of 20-40-20 kg NPK/ha. As per the treatment, application of phosphorus and zinc were done as basal application. The treatment consisted of soil application of Phosphorus (30 kg/ha, 40 kg/ha and 50 kg/ha), Zinc (10 kg/ha, 15 kg/ha and 20 kg/ha) and zinc and a control (20-40-20 kg NPK/ha). The results of the experiment showed that, plant height (48.81 cm), dry weight (14.88 g) number of nodules/plant (14.67), number of pods/plant (30.07), number of seeds/pod (1.37), seed index (21.36 g), seed yield (2.66 t/ha) and stover yield (4.26 t/ha), harvest index (38.31) were recorded significantly highest with the application Phosphorus 50 kg/ha + Zinc 20 kg/ha. Maximum gross returns (152516.67 INR/ha), net returns (102367.23 INR/ha), and B-C ratio (2.04) were also obtained with the same treatment.

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Claims 12

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Chickpea plant height was significantly highest (48.81 cm) with Phosphorus 50 kg/ha + Zinc 20 kg/ha.

Taxon: chickpeaCicer arietinume2
Treatment: Phosphorus 50 kg/ha + Zinc 20 kg/hae1
Outcome: plant heighte0
Direction: higheste1
Value: 48.81 cme0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

*Cicer arietinum* · TaxonSanjay Acharya · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

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“plant height (48.81 cm)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1323–1346 · show in text ↑

e1
“significantly highest with the application Phosphorus 50 kg/ha + Zinc 20 kg/ha”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1571–1649 · show in text ↑

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“chickpea crop”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 193–206 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Chickpea dry weight was significantly highest (14.88 g) with Phosphorus 50 kg/ha + Zinc 20 kg/ha.

Taxon: chickpeaCicer arietinume2
Treatment: Phosphorus 50 kg/ha + Zinc 20 kg/hae1
Outcome: dry weighte0
Direction: higheste1
Value: 14.88 ge0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

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“dry weight (14.88 g)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1348–1368 · show in text ↑

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“significantly highest with the application Phosphorus 50 kg/ha + Zinc 20 kg/ha”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1571–1649 · show in text ↑

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“chickpea crop”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 193–206 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Chickpea number of nodules/plant was significantly highest (14.67) with Phosphorus 50 kg/ha + Zinc 20 kg/ha.

Taxon: chickpeaCicer arietinume2
Treatment: Phosphorus 50 kg/ha + Zinc 20 kg/hae1
Outcome: number of nodules/plante0
Direction: higheste1
Value: 14.67e0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“number of nodules/plant (14.67)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1369–1400 · show in text ↑

e1
“significantly highest with the application Phosphorus 50 kg/ha + Zinc 20 kg/ha”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1571–1649 · show in text ↑

e2
“chickpea crop”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 193–206 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Chickpea number of pods/plant was significantly highest (30.07) with Phosphorus 50 kg/ha + Zinc 20 kg/ha.

Taxon: chickpeaCicer arietinume2
Treatment: Phosphorus 50 kg/ha + Zinc 20 kg/hae1
Outcome: number of pods/plante0
Direction: higheste1
Value: 30.07e0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“number of pods/plant (30.07)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1402–1430 · show in text ↑

e1
“significantly highest with the application Phosphorus 50 kg/ha + Zinc 20 kg/ha”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1571–1649 · show in text ↑

e2
“chickpea crop”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 193–206 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Chickpea number of seeds/pod was significantly highest (1.37) with Phosphorus 50 kg/ha + Zinc 20 kg/ha.

Taxon: chickpeaCicer arietinume2
Treatment: Phosphorus 50 kg/ha + Zinc 20 kg/hae1
Outcome: number of seeds/pode0
Direction: higheste1
Value: 1.37e0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“number of seeds/pod (1.37)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1432–1458 · show in text ↑

e1
“significantly highest with the application Phosphorus 50 kg/ha + Zinc 20 kg/ha”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1571–1649 · show in text ↑

e2
“chickpea crop”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 193–206 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Chickpea seed index was significantly highest (21.36 g) with Phosphorus 50 kg/ha + Zinc 20 kg/ha.

Taxon: chickpeaCicer arietinume2
Treatment: Phosphorus 50 kg/ha + Zinc 20 kg/hae1
Outcome: seed indexe0
Direction: higheste1
Value: 21.36 ge0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“seed index (21.36 g)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1460–1480 · show in text ↑

e1
“significantly highest with the application Phosphorus 50 kg/ha + Zinc 20 kg/ha”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1571–1649 · show in text ↑

e2
“chickpea crop”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 193–206 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Chickpea seed yield was significantly highest (2.66 t/ha) with Phosphorus 50 kg/ha + Zinc 20 kg/ha.

Taxon: chickpeaCicer arietinume2
Treatment: Phosphorus 50 kg/ha + Zinc 20 kg/hae1
Outcome: seed yielde0
Direction: higheste1
Value: 2.66 t/hae0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“seed yield (2.66 t/ha)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1482–1504 · show in text ↑

e1
“significantly highest with the application Phosphorus 50 kg/ha + Zinc 20 kg/ha”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1571–1649 · show in text ↑

e2
“chickpea crop”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 193–206 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Chickpea stover yield was significantly highest (4.26 t/ha) with Phosphorus 50 kg/ha + Zinc 20 kg/ha.

Taxon: chickpeaCicer arietinume2
Treatment: Phosphorus 50 kg/ha + Zinc 20 kg/hae1
Outcome: stover yielde0
Direction: higheste1
Value: 4.26 t/hae0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“stover yield (4.26 t/ha)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1509–1533 · show in text ↑

e1
“significantly highest with the application Phosphorus 50 kg/ha + Zinc 20 kg/ha”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1571–1649 · show in text ↑

e2
“chickpea crop”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 193–206 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Chickpea harvest index was significantly highest (38.31) with Phosphorus 50 kg/ha + Zinc 20 kg/ha.

Taxon: chickpeaCicer arietinume2
Treatment: Phosphorus 50 kg/ha + Zinc 20 kg/hae1
Outcome: harvest indexe0
Direction: higheste1
Value: 38.31e0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“harvest index (38.31)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1535–1556 · show in text ↑

e1
“significantly highest with the application Phosphorus 50 kg/ha + Zinc 20 kg/ha”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1571–1649 · show in text ↑

e2
“chickpea crop”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 193–206 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Chickpea gross returns were maximum (152516.67 INR/ha) with Phosphorus 50 kg/ha + Zinc 20 kg/ha.

Taxon: chickpeaCicer arietinume2
Treatment: Phosphorus 50 kg/ha + Zinc 20 kg/hae1
Outcome: gross returnse0
Direction: Maximume0
Value: 152516.67 INR/hae0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“Maximum gross returns (152516.67 INR/ha)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1651–1691 · show in text ↑

e1
“significantly highest with the application Phosphorus 50 kg/ha + Zinc 20 kg/ha”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1571–1649 · show in text ↑

e2
“chickpea crop”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 193–206 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Chickpea net returns were maximum (102367.23 INR/ha) with Phosphorus 50 kg/ha + Zinc 20 kg/ha.

Taxon: chickpeaCicer arietinume2
Treatment: Phosphorus 50 kg/ha + Zinc 20 kg/hae1
Outcome: net returnse0
Direction: Maximume0
Value: 102367.23 INR/hae0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“Maximum gross returns (152516.67 INR/ha), net returns (102367.23 INR/ha)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1651–1723 · show in text ↑

e1
“significantly highest with the application Phosphorus 50 kg/ha + Zinc 20 kg/ha”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1571–1649 · show in text ↑

e2
“chickpea crop”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 193–206 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Chickpea B-C ratio were maximum (2.04) with Phosphorus 50 kg/ha + Zinc 20 kg/ha.

Taxon: chickpeaCicer arietinume2
Treatment: Phosphorus 50 kg/ha + Zinc 20 kg/hae1
Outcome: B-C ratioe0
Direction: Maximume0
Value: 2.04e0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“Maximum gross returns (152516.67 INR/ha), net returns (102367.23 INR/ha), and B-C ratio (2.04)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1651–1745 · show in text ↑

e1
“significantly highest with the application Phosphorus 50 kg/ha + Zinc 20 kg/ha”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1571–1649 · show in text ↑

e2
“chickpea crop”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 193–206 · show in text ↑

zinc atom · growth · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results differ

38 papers: 35 positive, 3 negative or no effect

34 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction

negative
Zn significantly delayed and impeded chickpea seed germination.
Changes in phytohormone contents in chickpea seeds germinating under lead or zinc stress · 2005
Opposite direction
no effect
Zn and Mn spraying did not significantly change emergence to 50% flowering or maturation time.
Effect of foliar fertilization with zinc and manganese sulfate on yield, dry matter accumulation, and zinc and manganese contents in leaf and seed of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) · 2019
Opposite direction
no effect
Zinc application had no significant effect on shoot dry weight.
The influence of iron chelate and zinc sulfate on the growth and nutrient composition of chickpea grown on a calcareous soil · 2016
Opposite direction

34 papers more in this group

See all 38 papers →

zinc atom · yield · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results differ

71 papers: 67 positive, 4 negative or no effect

66 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction

no effect
Zinc application strategies did not affect growth and yield parameters apart from pod bearing branches.
Effects of zinc application strategy on zinc content and productivity of chickpea grown under zinc deficient soils · 2017
Opposite direction
negative
Chickpea grain yield diminished at 200 mg Zn kg sup(-1) soil.
Effect of soil enrichment with zinc on crop yields and its replenishment in mollisols of Northern India · 1996
Opposite direction
negative
Balanced nutrients increased chickpea yield by 31% to 45% over farmer practice.
Balanced Nutrient Management for Crop Intensification and Livelihood Improvement: A Case Study from Watershed in Andhra Pradesh, India · 2014 · compared with farmers? practice (FP)
Opposite directionAbout lacking this nutrient, so it counts the other way round

67 papers more in this group

See all 71 papers →

zinc atom · symbiosis · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results agree

13 papers: 13 positive, 0 negative or no effect

12 papers in the same direction as this paper

positive
Zinc seed treatments significantly improved chickpea nodulation, grain yield, zinc yield, bioavailable zinc, minerals and zinc concentration.
Zinc seed treatments improve productivity, quality and grain biofortification of desi and kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum) · 2020 · compared with control treatments
Same direction
positive
Increasing Zn raised Number of nodules up to 7·5 μg/g soil in chickpea.
Effect of zinc on nodulation and nitrogen fixation in chickpea (Cicer arietinumL.) · 1983
Same direction
positive
Rhizobium inoculation with 15 kg S and 1.5 kg Zn per ha gave the highest mean nodule number (15.3).
Response of Chickpea (Cicer aritienum L.) to Sulphur and Zinc Nutrients Application and Rhizobium Inoculation in North Western Ethiopia · 2020
Same direction

9 papers more in this group

See all 13 papers →

phosphorus · symbiosis · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results differ

51 papers: 50 positive, 1 negative or no effect

49 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction

no effect
P application did not change N2 fixation of chickpea.
Nitrogen and phosphorus fertility management for desi and kabuli chickpea · 2005
Opposite direction
positive
CPS-2, CPS-3 and Ca-18 gave the maximum positive effects on chickpea shoot and nodulation traits.
Phosphorus uptake and growth promotion of chickpea by co-inoculation of mineral phosphate solubilising bacteria and a mixed rhizobial culture · 2004
Same direction
positive
At 1000 kg per hectare, RP-EC increased nodules per plant by 35.3% relative to control in the field.
Application of rock phosphate enriched composts increases nodulation, growth and yield of chickpea · 2017 · compared with control
Same direction

47 papers more in this group

See all 51 papers →

phosphorus · growth · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results differ

58 papers: 55 positive, 3 negative or no effect

54 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction

no effect
At site 2, chickpea showed no growth response to applied phosphorus.
Phosphorus nutrition of large-seeded chickpea cv. Macarena ( Cicer arietinum ) in the Ord River Irrigation Area, Western Australia · 1994
Opposite direction
no effect
Application of P did not significantly affect chickpea plant height or dry weights in either soil.
Effect of Phosphorus and Ryzelan on the Growth and Mineral Composition of Chickpeas¹ · 1975
Opposite direction
negative
Seed-contact or 2 cm sub-seed TSP suppressed chickpea emergence and early growth in sandy soil.
EFFECT OF PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZER PLACEMENT ON EMERGENCE AND EARLY GROWTH OF CHICKPEA (Cicer arietinum L.) · 2022
Opposite direction

54 papers more in this group

See all 58 papers →

phosphorus · yield · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Positive and negative results

168 papers: 161 positive, 7 negative or no effect

160 papers in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative

positive
Phosphorus gave the highest grain yield.
Effects of rhizobium inoculation, sulfur and phosphorus applications on yield, yield components and nutrient uptakes in chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.) · 2008
Same directionCited by this paper
no effect
DAP with PSB did not significantly affect seeds per pod or harvest index of chickpea.
Effect of basal and foliar application of diammonium phosphate in cognizance with phosphate-solubilizing bacteria on growth, yield and quality of rainfed chickpea (Cicer arietinum) · 2024
Opposite direction
negative
With further phosphorus addition to 90 kg P2O5 ha-1, yield and the Mn and Fe contents and uptake decreased.
Effect of Phosphorus and Sulphur on Concentration and Uptake of Micronutrients in Chickpea · 1992
Opposite direction

164 papers more in this group

See all 168 papers →

Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.

Abstract

Claims 12

The same questions in other papers

zinc atom · growth · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results differ

zinc atom · yield · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results differ

zinc atom · symbiosis · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results agree

phosphorus · symbiosis · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results differ

phosphorus · growth · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results differ

phosphorus · yield · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Positive and negative results