phosphorus · Symbiosis · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)

Results differ51 papers: 50 positive, 1 negative or no effect · 1 pair of papers confirmed to differ

60 claims from these papers; 15 citations between them.

Papers whose results differ, checked claim by claim 1

1 pair of papers on this question report results that differ: an effect in one paper, the opposite effect or no effect in the other. Two model reviewers reading both claims accepted each pair.

INTERACTIVE EFFECT OF SULFUR AND PHOSPHORUS ON NODULATION, NITROGEN FIXATION, AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE BY CHICKPEA GROWN ON CALCAREOUS SOILS IN PAKISTAN (2013)
increasePhosphorus application increased nitrogen fixation in chickpea by up to 38% over control.
Nitrogen and phosphorus fertility management for desi and kabuli chickpea (2005)
no changeP application did not change N2 fixation of chickpea.
The records name no dose, test system or situation that separates the two claims.Compare the two papers →

How these papers cite each other

15 citations between these papers: 15 on the same side, 0 across the two sides.

Positive result
Negative result or no effect
Citation, pointing to the cited paper
Citation across the two sides
Larger circle: more citations overall

Years run left to right. Citations come from the papers’ OpenAlex reference lists. Hover a paper to bring forward its citations; click it to open the paper.

Papers reporting a positive result 50

EFFECT OF PHOSPHORUS AND BIO FERTILISERS ON LEGHAE- MOGLOBIN AND NITROGEN FIXATION OF CHICKPEA · 1983
- positive
  Increasing phosphorus levels significantly increased fresh nodule weight.
Dry Matter, Nodulation and Nutrient Uptake in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) as Influenced by Irrigation and Phosphorus · 1989
- positive
  Phosphorus application increased chickpea nodule dry weight.
- positive
  Phosphorus application promoted chickpea nodulation.
Residual Effect of Phosphate and Rhizobium inoculation in Chickpea on Succeeding Maize and Fodder Sorghum · 1995
- positive
  Rhizobium inoculation and phosphate together increased chickpea nodulation and yield.
  compared with uninoculated control
- positive
  Phosphate application increased chickpea nodulation and yield.
  compared with uninoculated control
Effect of moisture conservation practices, phosphorus levels and bacterial inoculation on chickpea (Cicer arietinum) under rainfed condition · 2001
- positive
  Phosphorus at 60 kg P2O5/ha significantly increased nodule number and nodule dry weight of chickpea.
Effect of irrigation, sulphur and seed inoculation on growth, yield and sulphur uptake of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) under late-sown conditions · 2001
- positive
  Combined Rhizobium and PSB inoculation significantly raised plant height, dry matter and nodulation versus single or no inoculation.
  compared with single inoculation of Rhizobium or PSB and no inoculation
cited by 1 paper here
Phosphorus uptake and growth promotion of chickpea by co-inoculation of mineral phosphate solubilising bacteria and a mixed rhizobial culture · 2004
- positive
  CPS-2, CPS-3 and Ca-18 gave the maximum positive effects on chickpea shoot and nodulation traits.
cited by 2 papers here
Effects of Biological and Mineral Fertilization on Nodulation, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Content and Yield of Chick pea (Cicer arietinum L.) · 2011
- positive
  Phosphate solubilizing bacteria inoculation significantly increased nodule number and shoot and root dry weight.
cites 1 paper here
Productivity, profitability and protein content of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) as influenced by farm yard manure, phosphorus and sulphur application · 2012
- positive
  The combined fertilizer treatment increased chickpea nodules and nodule dry weight.
cited by 1 paper here
Effect of phosphorus and biofertilizers on productivity of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in North Western Rajasthan, India. · 2013
- positive
  30 kg P2O5 ha-1 significantly increased chickpea plant height, number of branches per plant, number of nodules per plant over control and 15 kg P2O5 ha-1.
  compared with control and 15 kg P2O5 ha-1
cited by 1 paper here
Effect of biofertilizers and phosphorus on growth and yield of chickpea (Cicerarietinum L) · 2013
- positive
  Phosphorus and Rhizobium + PSB seed treatment significantly increased number of nodules per plant in chickpea.
cited by 1 paper here
INTERACTIVE EFFECT OF SULFUR AND PHOSPHORUS ON NODULATION, NITROGEN FIXATION, AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE BY CHICKPEA GROWN ON CALCAREOUS SOILS IN PAKISTAN · 2013
- positive
  Phosphorus application increased nitrogen fixation in chickpea by up to 38% over control.
  compared with control
Effect ofRhizobiumand Phosphate Solubilizing Bacterial Inoculants on Symbiotic Traits, Nodule Leghemoglobin, and Yield of Chickpea Genotypes · 2013
- positive
  Rhizobium + PSB inoculation was the most effective microbial inoculant for nodule number in chickpea
  compared with microbial inoculants
- positive
  Rhizobium + PSB inoculation was the most effective microbial inoculant for nodule dry weight in chickpea
  compared with microbial inoculants
- positive
  Rhizobium + PSB inoculation was the most effective microbial inoculant for nodule fresh weight in chickpea
  compared with microbial inoculants
Productivity, profitability and sustainability of rain-fed chickpea under inorganic and biofertilization in foothills of north-west Himalayas · 2014
- positive
  Combined P + S application improved chickpea growth, nodulation, yield attributes and yield.
cites 2 papers here
Effect of phosphorus levels and biofertilizer on yield attributes, yield and nutrient uptake of chickpea (Cicer arietinumL.) under rainfed condition · 2014
- positive
  Phosphorus at 60 kg P2O5/ha significantly increased chickpea nodule number and nodule fresh and dry weight.
Effect of farm yard manure, phosphorus and sulphur on yield parameters, yield, nodulation, nutrient uptake and quality of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) · 2016
- positive
  Combined phosphorus, sulphur and manure increased nodule number by 62.3%.
cites 1 paper here
Application of rock phosphate enriched composts increases nodulation, growth and yield of chickpea · 2017
- positive
  At 1000 kg per hectare, RP-EC increased nodule dry weight per plant by 26.7% relative to control.
  compared with control
- positive
  At 1000 kg per hectare, RP-EC increased nodules per plant by 35.3% relative to control in the field.
  compared with control
cited by 1 paper here
Effect of Phosphorus, and Zinc on Growth, Yield and Economics of Chickpea (Cicer aritinum L.) · 2017
- positive
  Phosphorus up to 40 kg ha-1 significantly increased chickpea height, dry matter, and nodules.
cited by 1 paper here
Chickpea Cultivation Governing By Phosphorus Application in Calcareous Soil · 2018
- positive
  At 60 kg P2O5 ha-1, chickpea number of root nodules reached 8.48 and exceeded control and 20 kg P2O5 ha-1.
  compared with control and 20 kg P2O5 ha-1
- positive
  At 60 kg P2O5 ha-1, chickpea dry weight of root nodules per plant reached 102.90 mg plant-1 and exceeded control and 20 kg P2O5 ha-1.
  compared with control and 20 kg P2O5 ha-1
Effect of phosphorus, Sulphur and biofertilizers on growth attributes and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) · 2018
- positive
  The combined treatments significantly increased chickpea nodules per plant.
  compared with control /un-inoculated
cited by 6 papers here
Genotypic variability for phosphorous acquisition efficiency of chickpea in P-deficient inceptisol · 2019
- positive
  P deficiency reduced chickpea nodule number and mass by 2–70%
  About lacking this nutrient, so it counts the other way round
Effects of Rhizobium Inoculation and Phosphorus Fertilizer rates on Nitrogen Fixation and Nutrient up take of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) at Goro, Bale Zone, Oromia Regional State. · 2019
- positive
  Nodulation parameters peaked at 45 and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1.
Response of Row Spacing, Bio-fertilizer and Nitrogen Levels on Yield Attributes and Quality Parameters of Chickpea (Cicer arietnium L.) under Central Plain Zone of Uttar Pradesh, India · 2020
- positive
  Dual inoculation of Rhizobium leguminosarum and PSB gave higher fresh and dry nodule weight (81.34 and 48.12 mg).
- positive
  Dual inoculation of Rhizobium leguminosarum and PSB gave higher nodules per plant (29.70).
Improving Nutrient Uptake, Growth, Yield and Protein Content in Chickpea by the Co-Addition of Phosphorus Fertilizers, Organic Manures, and Bacillus sp. MN-54 · 2021
- positive
  RP, PM and MN-54 raised nodule count by 43.6% versus controls.
  compared with control treatments
cites 2 papers here
Co-Inoculation of Mesorhizobium ciceri with Either Bacillus sp. or Enterobacter aerogenes on Chickpea Improves Growth and Productivity in Phosphate-Deficient Soils in Dry Areas of a Mediterranean Region · 2021
- positive
  Rhizobia and PSB co-inoculation significantly enhanced chickpea nodulation, biomass, yield, and grain N, P and protein relative to single inoculation or N or P alone.
  compared with single inoculation or single application of N or P
Is phosphate solubilizing ability in plant growth‐promoting rhizobacteria isolated from chickpea linked to their ability to produce ACC deaminase? · 2021
- positive
  Burkholderia sp. 12F inoculation increased chickpea nodulation with rock phosphate fertilization.
Studying the Effect of Different Fertilizers Types and Methods of Application on Nodulation, Growth and Yield of Some Chickpea Varieties Under Rainfed Conditions · 2021
- positive
  Super phosphate seed priming increased nodule dry weight.
cites 2 papers here
EFFECT OF FERTILIZER TREATMENTS ON PLANT CHARACTERISTICS IN CHICKPEA VARIETIES IN PRE-FLOWERING AND FULL-FLOWERING PERIODS · 2021
- positive
  Phosphorus treatment increased nodule number per plant over control before flowering.
  compared with control group
Effect of Bio-fertilizer And Phosphorus Levels on Yield And Yield Components of Chick Pea under Rain Fed Condition · 2021
- positive
  The combined fertilizer treatment gave the highest weight of nodules (0.369g).
  compared with other interaction combinations and control
- positive
  The combined fertilizer treatment gave the highest number of nodules (31.978).
  compared with other interaction combinations and control
Effects of Biofertilizer and Phosphorus on Growth, Yield Components and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) · 2022
- positive
  T9 recorded 36.28 nodules per plant.
cites 1 paper here
Effect of Phosphorus and Boron Levels on Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) · 2022
- positive
  Phosphorus at 60 kg/ha with boron at 3 kg/ha gave significantly maximum Number of nodules/plant.
cited by 1 paper here
Effect of Phosphorus and Iron on Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum var. kabulium) · 2022
- positive
  Phosphorus 40 kg/ha plus iron 5kg/ha gave the highest number of nodules/plant.
Effect of Phosphorous and Potassium on Growth Parameters, Yield and Yield Attributes of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under the Rainfed Condition in Chitrakoot, India · 2022
- positive
  Treatment T9 gave the maximum number of nodules per plant at 45 DAS, 46.00.
Genotypic variability in nutrient uptake and use efficiency in chickpea grown under low phosphorus availability in a Mediterranean climate · 2022
- positive
  Low P significantly limited chickpea nodulation across all genotypes, especially Flip 84-92C and Flip 01-29C.
  About lacking this nutrient, so it counts the other way round
Effect of Phosphorous and Vermicompost on Growth Characterstics and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer aretinum L.) · 2023
- positive
  P2O5 at 75 kg ha-1 plus vermicompost at 5.0 t ha-1 produced a maximum number of nodule plant-1 of 13.4.
Evaluation of Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Influenced by Biofertilizers and Phosphorus · 2023
- positive
  Rhizobium + PSB + phosphorus 60 kg/ha produced the maximum number of nodules per plant.
  compared with control
cites 1 paper here
Effect of Phosphorus and Biofertilizers on Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) · 2023
- positive
  Phosphorus 60 kg/ha with PSB produced a higher number of nodules per plant (23.03) in chickpea than the control.
  compared with a control
cites 2 papers here
Influence of Spacing and Phosphorus Management on Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) · 2023
- positive
  The 35 cm × 20 cm spacing with 100% RDP gave significantly higher nodule number in chickpea.
cites 1 paper here
Response of Phosphorus and Zinc on Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) · 2023
- positive
  Chickpea number of nodules/plant was significantly highest (14.67) with Phosphorus 50 kg/ha + Zinc 20 kg/ha.
Effect of Microbial Consortia Inoculation and Chemical Fertilizers on Growth Parameter and Nodulation of Soybean (Glycine max L. merill.) and Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) · 2023
- positive
  Chemical fertilizer at 100% RDF of N, P and K increased the number of nodulation and fresh weight of nodules compared with no fertilizer.
  compared with without fertilizers
Response of bio-fertilizers, levels of nitrogen and different row spacings on productivity of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) · 2023
- positive
  Dual inoculation of Rhizobium leguminosarum and PSB produced significantly superior nodules per plant at 50 DAS in chickpea.
Effect of Phosphorus Fertilization and PSB Inoculation on Growth Attributes and Root Nodulation of Chickpea · 2024
- positive
  The highest phosphorus, PSB and DAP combination produced significantly more root nodules at 30 to 75 DAS.
  compared with 25 kg P2O5 + PSB + 2% DAP spray
- positive
  The highest phosphorus, PSB and DAP combination produced significantly higher fresh and dry root nodule weights.
  compared with 25 kg P2O5 + PSB + 2% DAP spray
cites 1 paper here
Effect of bio fertilizers and phosphorus on growth and yield of chickpea · 2024
- positive
  Rhizobium plus phosphorus significantly increased number of nodules per plant to 31.0.
cites 1 paper here
The Role of Biofertilizers and Phosphorus on Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) · 2024
- positive
  Treatment 9 (phosphorus 60 kg/ha with Rhizobium and PSB seed treatment) gave the highest plant height, maximum plant dry weight and number of nodules in chickpea.
Effect of Phosphorus and Sulphur on growth and yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) · 2024
- positive
  The treatment produced maximum 16.20 nodules per plant.
Effect of varying levels of phosphorus and bio-fertilizers on growth and yield of chickpea under sub-tropical condition · 2024
- positive
  Combined bacterial and rhizobial fertilizer gave the highest plant height, nodules and shoot dry matter.
Effect of varying levels of phosphorus and bio-fertilizers on growth and yield of chickpea under sub-tropical condition · 2024
- positive
  Combined phosphate solubilizing bacteria and Rhizobium gave the highest chickpea height, nodules, shoot dry matter, and branches.
Biofertilizers containing plant growth promoting rhizobacteria enhance nutrient uptake and improve the growth and yield of chickpea plants in an arid environment · 2025
- positive
  SPA + SOB + NFB + PSB + KSB produced the greatest nitrogen fixation nodules and active nodule percentage.
Influence of Phosphorus and Sulphur on Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) · 2025
- positive
  T9 increased nodules per plant to 32.96.
Integrated phosphorus management using PROM and inorganic fertilizers for enhanced growth, yield, and nutrient uptake of chickpea in inceptisol · 2025
- positive
  The 100% P2O5 through DAP treatment recorded the highest active root nodules plant-1 of chickpea (41.27).
Optimizing chickpea yield and profitability through phosphorus application and PSB inoculation in a custard apple (Annona squamosa) based agri-horti system · 2025
- positive
  Phosphorus and PSB increased root nodule number.

Papers reporting a negative result or no effect 1

Nitrogen and phosphorus fertility management for desi and kabuli chickpea · 2005
- no effect
  P application did not change N2 fixation of chickpea.

A paper is on the positive side when any of its claims here is positive. Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. Claims that compare genotypes are left out; a claim about lacking a nutrient counts the other way round in that nutrient’s question. “Results differ” marks a question where two model reviewers, reading both claims, accepted at least one pair of papers whose results differ.

phosphorus · Symbiosis · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)

Papers whose results differ, checked claim by claim 1

How these papers cite each other

Papers reporting a positive result 50

Papers reporting a negative result or no effect 1

phosphorus on Cicer arietinum (chickpea) against other targets

phosphorus · symbiosis on other organisms