Abstract
During the summer and rainy seasons (April-October) of 2020 and 2021, two consecutive field experiments were conducted at the research farm of the ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India. In this study, we examined the effects of summer green manuring crops (GM) and a variety of zinc fertilizers (ZnF) on Basmati rice ( Oryza sativa L.) growth, physiological development, yield response, zinc nutrition and economic returns. A combination of GM residues and nano zinc fertilization helped significantly enhancing Basmati rice’s growth and its physiological development. Following the incorporation of Sesbania aculeata (Sesbania), successive Basmati rice physiological parameters were significantly improved, as well as grain, straw, biological yields, harvest index and economic returns. The highest Zn content of 15.1 mg kg -1 and the lowest of 11.8 mg kg -1 in milled rice grain were recorded in Sesbania green manuring (G2) and control i.e., in the fallow (G1), respectively. Coating onto urea with 0.2% nano zinc oxide (NZnCU) was observed to be more effective than other zinc sources in terms of growth parameters, yield attributes, zinc nutrition, grain and straw yields for succeeding Basmati rice crop; however, the effects were comparable to those of bulk zinc oxide-coated urea (BZnCU) of 1%. The highest Zn content of 15.1 mg kg -1 was recorded with the application of 1% BZnCU and the lowest of 11.96 mg kg -1 with the soil application of 5 kg Zn ha -1 through bulk ZnO in the milled rice grain. Application of 1% BZnCU led to a 26.25% increase in Zn content of milled rice grain compared to soil application of 5 kg Zn ha -1 through bulk ZnO. As a result, the combination of inclusion of Sesbania aculeata ( Sesbania ) residue and 0.2% NZnCU was identified as the most effective treatment, for Basmati rice growth and physiological development. A combination of nano Zn fertilization in conjunction with the incorporation of green manure can be advocated for better growth, physiological performance, zinc dense grains, and higher profitability of Basmati rice for farmers and consumers.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Combining green manure residues and nano zinc significantly enhanced rice growth and physiology.
- Taxon
- Basmati ricee0
- Treatment
- GM residues and nano zinc fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- growth and its physiological developmente0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“A combination of GM residues and nano zinc fertilization helped significantly enhancing Basmati rice’s growth and its physiological development.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sesbania incorporation significantly improved rice physiological parameters.
- Taxon
- Basmati ricee0
- Treatment
- incorporation of Sesbania aculeatae0
- Outcome
- physiological parameterse0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Following the incorporation of Sesbania aculeata (Sesbania), successive Basmati rice physiological parameters were significantly improved”
Claim · model-written summary
Sesbania incorporation improved rice yields, harvest index and economic returns.
- Taxon
- Basmati ricee0
- Treatment
- incorporation of Sesbania aculeatae0
- Outcome
- grain, straw, biological yields, harvest index and economic returnse0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Following the incorporation of Sesbania aculeata (Sesbania), successive Basmati rice physiological parameters were significantly improved, as well as grain, straw, biological yields, harvest index and economic returns.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sesbania green manuring yielded 15.1 mg kg -1 zinc in milled grain.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- Sesbania green manuring (G2)e0
- Outcome
- Zn contente0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 15.1 mg kg -1e0
- Comparator
- fallow (G1)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest Zn content of 15.1 mg kg -1 and the lowest of 11.8 mg kg -1 in milled rice grain were recorded in Sesbania green manuring (G2) and control i.e., in the fallow (G1), respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fallow control grain had 11.8 mg kg -1 zinc.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- fallow (G1)e0
- Outcome
- Zn contente0
- Value
- 11.8 mg kg -1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest Zn content of 15.1 mg kg -1 and the lowest of 11.8 mg kg -1 in milled rice grain were recorded in Sesbania green manuring (G2) and control i.e., in the fallow (G1), respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
0.2% nano zinc oxide coated urea outperformed other zinc sources for rice growth, yield attributes, zinc nutrition and grain and straw yield.
Verbatim
e0“Coating onto urea with 0.2% nano zinc oxide (NZnCU) was observed to be more effective than other zinc sources in terms of growth parameters, yield attributes, zinc nutrition, grain and straw yields for succeeding Basmati rice crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Nano zinc oxide coated urea effects were comparable to 1% bulk zinc oxide coated urea.
Verbatim
e0“the effects were comparable to those of bulk zinc oxide-coated urea (BZnCU) of 1%.”
t0“Basmati rice”
e1“0.2% nano zinc oxide (NZnCU)”
Claim · model-written summary
1% bulk zinc oxide coated urea produced the highest milled grain zinc content, 15.1 mg kg -1.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest Zn content of 15.1 mg kg -1 was recorded with the application of 1% BZnCU”
e1“in the milled rice grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil application of 5 kg Zn ha -1 bulk ZnO produced the lowest milled grain zinc content, 11.96 mg kg -1.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- soil application of 5 kg Zn ha -1 through bulk ZnOe0
- Outcome
- Zn contente1
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 11.96 mg kg -1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the lowest of 11.96 mg kg -1 with the soil application of 5 kg Zn ha -1 through bulk ZnO in the milled rice grain.”
e1“The highest Zn content of 15.1 mg kg -1 was recorded with the application of 1% BZnCU”
Claim · model-written summary
1% BZnCU raised milled grain zinc content by 26.25% versus soil-applied bulk ZnO.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- 1% BZnCUe0
- Outcome
- Zn content of milled rice graine0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 26.25%e0
- Comparator
- soil application of 5 kg Zn ha -1 through bulk ZnOe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of 1% BZnCU led to a 26.25% increase in Zn content of milled rice grain compared to soil application of 5 kg Zn ha -1 through bulk ZnO.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sesbania residues with 0.2% NZnCU were identified as most effective for rice growth and physiology.
Verbatim
e0“the combination of inclusion of Sesbania aculeata ( Sesbania ) residue and 0.2% NZnCU was identified as the most effective treatment, for Basmati rice growth and physiological development.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors advocate combining nano zinc fertilizer and green manure for rice growth, physiology, zinc dense grains and profit.
Verbatim
e0“A combination of nano Zn fertilization in conjunction with the incorporation of green manure can be advocated for better growth, physiological performance, zinc dense grains, and higher profitability of Basmati rice”
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See all 202 papers →8 of 12 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.