Abstract
The application of potassium fertilizer application and straw return are effective agronomic measures for increasing crop productivity; however, information on how straw return—when substituting potassium fertilizer—affects crop yield, efficiency, and quality in dryland remains limited. In this study, an experiment on a dryland summer maize and winter wheat rotation system was initiated in 2007. This study included four treatments: CK (no fertilizer and no straw return), NP (nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer application without straw return), NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer application without straw return), and NPS (NP treatment with straw return, substituting potassium fertilizer as used in the NPK treatment). These treatments were employed to assess grain yield and fertilizer agronomic efficiency in 2015–2020. Additionally, we evaluated the content of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), as well as the protein content and protein yield in maize and wheat grains and the protein components in wheat grains in 2019–2020. The results showed that compared to the CK treatment, NP, NPK, and NPS treatments not only significantly increased the yield, protein yield, and fertilizer agronomic efficiency in both maize and wheat but also increased the content of protein and protein components in wheat grains. Compared to the NP treatment, the NPK treatment significantly increased the contents of N, K, globulin, and gluten in wheat grains by 5.11%, 21.59%, 10.06%, and 15.14%. Compared to NPK treatment, NPS treatment significantly increased the average yield of summer maize by 21.33% and 20.91%, respectively, as well as the annual yield by 9.99% and 13.59%, the N fertilizer agronomic efficiency of summer maize by 132.47%, and the annual N and P fertilizer agronomic efficiency by 42.83% and 64.36%, over the five-year period. The NPS treatment also significantly increased the summer maize protein yield and annual protein yield by 10.43% and 23.08%, as well as the content of protein components, the protein content, and P content in wheat grains by 4.93–13.58%, 7.81%, and 28.89%, respectively. In conclusion, NPS treatment can not only enhance crop yield, protein yield, and fertilizer agronomic efficiency in summer maize annually but also has the advantage of promoting wheat quality. NPS is an efficient strategy to improve crop yield, efficiency, and quality in a dryland maize–wheat rotation system.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
NP, NPK and NPS increased yield, protein yield and fertilizer agronomic efficiency in maize versus CK.
- Treatment
- NP, NPK, and NPS treatmentse0
- Outcome
- yield, protein yield, and fertilizer agronomic efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- CK treatmente0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compared to the CK treatment, NP, NPK, and NPS treatments not only significantly increased the yield, protein yield, and fertilizer agronomic efficiency in both maize and wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
NP, NPK and NPS increased yield, protein yield and fertilizer agronomic efficiency in wheat versus CK.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- NP, NPK, and NPS treatmentse0
- Outcome
- yield, protein yield, and fertilizer agronomic efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- CK treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compared to the CK treatment, NP, NPK, and NPS treatments not only significantly increased the yield, protein yield, and fertilizer agronomic efficiency in both maize and wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
NP, NPK and NPS increased wheat grain protein and protein components versus CK.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- NP, NPK, and NPS treatmentse0
- Outcome
- content of protein and protein components in wheat grainse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- CK treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compared to the CK treatment, NP, NPK, and NPS treatments not only significantly increased the yield, protein yield, and fertilizer agronomic efficiency in both maize and wheat but also increased the content of protein and protein components in wheat grains”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK increased wheat grain N by 5.11% versus NP.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- NPK treatmente0
- Outcome
- Ne0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 5.11%e0
- Comparator
- NP treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to the NP treatment, the NPK treatment significantly increased the contents of N, K, globulin, and gluten in wheat grains by 5.11%, 21.59%, 10.06%, and 15.14%.”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK increased wheat grain K by 21.59% versus NP.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- NPK treatmente0
- Outcome
- Ke0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 21.59%e0
- Comparator
- NP treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to the NP treatment, the NPK treatment significantly increased the contents of N, K, globulin, and gluten in wheat grains by 5.11%, 21.59%, 10.06%, and 15.14%.”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK increased wheat grain globulin by 10.06% versus NP.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- NPK treatmente0
- Outcome
- globuline0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 10.06%e0
- Comparator
- NP treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to the NP treatment, the NPK treatment significantly increased the contents of N, K, globulin, and gluten in wheat grains by 5.11%, 21.59%, 10.06%, and 15.14%.”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK increased wheat grain gluten by 15.14% versus NP.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- NPK treatmente0
- Outcome
- glutene0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 15.14%e0
- Comparator
- NP treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to the NP treatment, the NPK treatment significantly increased the contents of N, K, globulin, and gluten in wheat grains by 5.11%, 21.59%, 10.06%, and 15.14%.”
Claim · model-written summary
NPS increased average yield of summer maize by 21.33% versus NPK.
- Treatment
- NPS treatmente0
- Outcome
- average yield of summer maizee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 21.33%e0
- Comparator
- NPK treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to NPK treatment, NPS treatment significantly increased the average yield of summer maize by 21.33% and 20.91%, respectively, as well as the annual yield by 9.99% and 13.59%, the N fertilizer agronomic efficiency of summer maize by 132.47%, and the annual N and P fertilizer agronomic efficiency by 42.83% and 64.36%, over the five-year period.”
Claim · model-written summary
NPS increased average yield of summer maize by 20.91% versus NPK.
- Treatment
- NPS treatmente0
- Outcome
- average yield of summer maizee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 20.91%e0
- Comparator
- NPK treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to NPK treatment, NPS treatment significantly increased the average yield of summer maize by 21.33% and 20.91%, respectively, as well as the annual yield by 9.99% and 13.59%, the N fertilizer agronomic efficiency of summer maize by 132.47%, and the annual N and P fertilizer agronomic efficiency by 42.83% and 64.36%, over the five-year period.”
Claim · model-written summary
NPS increased annual yield by 9.99% versus NPK.
- Treatment
- NPS treatmente0
- Outcome
- annual yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 9.99%e0
- Comparator
- NPK treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to NPK treatment, NPS treatment significantly increased the average yield of summer maize by 21.33% and 20.91%, respectively, as well as the annual yield by 9.99% and 13.59%, the N fertilizer agronomic efficiency of summer maize by 132.47%, and the annual N and P fertilizer agronomic efficiency by 42.83% and 64.36%, over the five-year period.”
Claim · model-written summary
NPS increased annual yield by 13.59% versus NPK.
- Treatment
- NPS treatmente0
- Outcome
- annual yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 13.59%e0
- Comparator
- NPK treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to NPK treatment, NPS treatment significantly increased the average yield of summer maize by 21.33% and 20.91%, respectively, as well as the annual yield by 9.99% and 13.59%, the N fertilizer agronomic efficiency of summer maize by 132.47%, and the annual N and P fertilizer agronomic efficiency by 42.83% and 64.36%, over the five-year period.”
Claim · model-written summary
NPS increased N fertilizer agronomic efficiency of summer maize by 132.47% versus NPK.
- Treatment
- NPS treatmente0
- Outcome
- N fertilizer agronomic efficiency of summer maizee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 132.47%e0
- Comparator
- NPK treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to NPK treatment, NPS treatment significantly increased the average yield of summer maize by 21.33% and 20.91%, respectively, as well as the annual yield by 9.99% and 13.59%, the N fertilizer agronomic efficiency of summer maize by 132.47%, and the annual N and P fertilizer agronomic efficiency by 42.83% and 64.36%, over the five-year period.”
Claim · model-written summary
NPS increased annual N by 42.83% versus NPK.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to NPK treatment, NPS treatment significantly increased the average yield of summer maize by 21.33% and 20.91%, respectively, as well as the annual yield by 9.99% and 13.59%, the N fertilizer agronomic efficiency of summer maize by 132.47%, and the annual N and P fertilizer agronomic efficiency by 42.83% and 64.36%, over the five-year period.”
Claim · model-written summary
NPS increased P fertilizer agronomic efficiency by 64.36% versus NPK.
- Treatment
- NPS treatmente0
- Outcome
- P fertilizer agronomic efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 64.36%e0
- Comparator
- NPK treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to NPK treatment, NPS treatment significantly increased the average yield of summer maize by 21.33% and 20.91%, respectively, as well as the annual yield by 9.99% and 13.59%, the N fertilizer agronomic efficiency of summer maize by 132.47%, and the annual N and P fertilizer agronomic efficiency by 42.83% and 64.36%, over the five-year period.”
Claim · model-written summary
NPS increased summer maize protein yield by 10.43%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The NPS treatment also significantly increased the summer maize protein yield and annual protein yield by 10.43% and 23.08%, as well as the content of protein components, the protein content, and P content in wheat grains by 4.93–13.58%, 7.81%, and 28.89%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
NPS increased annual protein yield by 23.08%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The NPS treatment also significantly increased the summer maize protein yield and annual protein yield by 10.43% and 23.08%, as well as the content of protein components, the protein content, and P content in wheat grains by 4.93–13.58%, 7.81%, and 28.89%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
NPS increased content of protein components by 4.93–13.58%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- NPS treatmente0
- Outcome
- content of protein componentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 4.93–13.58%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The NPS treatment also significantly increased the summer maize protein yield and annual protein yield by 10.43% and 23.08%, as well as the content of protein components, the protein content, and P content in wheat grains by 4.93–13.58%, 7.81%, and 28.89%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
NPS increased protein content by 7.81%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- NPS treatmente0
- Outcome
- protein contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 7.81%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The NPS treatment also significantly increased the summer maize protein yield and annual protein yield by 10.43% and 23.08%, as well as the content of protein components, the protein content, and P content in wheat grains by 4.93–13.58%, 7.81%, and 28.89%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
NPS increased P content by 28.89%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- NPS treatmente0
- Outcome
- P contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 28.89%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The NPS treatment also significantly increased the summer maize protein yield and annual protein yield by 10.43% and 23.08%, as well as the content of protein components, the protein content, and P content in wheat grains by 4.93–13.58%, 7.81%, and 28.89%, respectively.”
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