Abstract
ABSTRACT Intensified mechanization, elevated chemical inputs, and sluggish organic manure decomposition pose challenges to agricultural productivity and soil health under organic farming. We hypothesize that integrated nitrogen fertilization using farmyard manure (FYM), plant growth‐promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), and panchagavya will enhance soil health, fodder energy, and crop yield. The field experiment consisted of maize (M) and berseem (B) cropping sequences, which were laid down in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications and seven treatments. The findings showed that treatment T 7 (100% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through FYM + PGPR+ 3% foliar spray of panchagavya (M) – PGPR+ 3% foliar spray of panchagavya (B)) significantly improves the soil organic carbon (5.0%–13.3%), soil organic matter content (4.85%–15.7%), available nutrients (19.1%–32.6%), microbial populations (69.0%–207.1%), and soil enzymatic activities (87.7%–163.8%) from the first year (2018–2019) to the third year (2020–2021) over the control treatment (T 1 ) applied with a recommended dose of fertilizers (RDFs). Moreover, treatment T 7 recorded significant changes in the fodder energy fractions, total digestible crude protein, and green fodder yield of maize and berseem during the first year (2018–2019) to the third year (2020–2021) of cultivation as compared to the control (T 1 ). Based on the findings, treatment T 7 : 100% RDN through FYM + PGPR + 3% foliar spray of panchagavya (M) – PGPR + 3% foliar spray of panchagavya (B) can be recommended for adoption to the farmers for producing organic fodder with higher yield with energy and with improved soil health under organic conditions.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment T7 improved soil organic carbon (5.0%–13.3%) relative to the control from the first to the third year.
- Treatment
- 100% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through FYM + PGPR+ 3% foliar spray of panchagavya (M) – PGPR+ 3% foliar spray of panchagavya (B)e1
- Outcome
- soil organic carbone1
- Direction
- improvese1
- Value
- 5.0%–13.3%e1
- Qualifier
- from the first year (2018–2019) to the third year (2020–2021)e1
- Comparator
- control treatment (T 1 ) applied with a recommended dose of fertilizers (RDFs)e1
- Setting
- field experimente0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The field experiment consisted of maize (M) and berseem (B) cropping sequences”
e1“treatment T 7 (100% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through FYM + PGPR+ 3% foliar spray of panchagavya (M) – PGPR+ 3% foliar spray of panchagavya (B)) significantly improves the soil organic carbon (5.0%–13.3%), soil organic matter content (4.85%–15.7%), available nutrients (19.1%–32.6%), microbial populations (69.0%–207.1%), and soil enzymatic activities (87.7%–163.8%) from the first year (2018–2019) to the third year (2020–2021) over the control treatment (T 1 ) applied with a recommended dose of fertilizers (RDFs)”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment T7 improved soil organic matter content (4.85%–15.7%) relative to the control from the first to the third year.
- Treatment
- 100% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through FYM + PGPR+ 3% foliar spray of panchagavya (M) – PGPR+ 3% foliar spray of panchagavya (B)e1
- Outcome
- soil organic matter contente1
- Direction
- improvese1
- Value
- 4.85%–15.7%e1
- Qualifier
- from the first year (2018–2019) to the third year (2020–2021)e1
- Comparator
- control treatment (T 1 ) applied with a recommended dose of fertilizers (RDFs)e1
- Setting
- field experimente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The field experiment consisted of maize (M) and berseem (B) cropping sequences”
e1“treatment T 7 (100% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through FYM + PGPR+ 3% foliar spray of panchagavya (M) – PGPR+ 3% foliar spray of panchagavya (B)) significantly improves the soil organic carbon (5.0%–13.3%), soil organic matter content (4.85%–15.7%), available nutrients (19.1%–32.6%), microbial populations (69.0%–207.1%), and soil enzymatic activities (87.7%–163.8%) from the first year (2018–2019) to the third year (2020–2021) over the control treatment (T 1 ) applied with a recommended dose of fertilizers (RDFs)”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment T7 improved available nutrients (19.1%–32.6%) relative to the control from the first to the third year.
- Treatment
- 100% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through FYM + PGPR+ 3% foliar spray of panchagavya (M) – PGPR+ 3% foliar spray of panchagavya (B)e1
- Outcome
- available nutrientse1
- Direction
- improvese1
- Value
- 19.1%–32.6%e1
- Qualifier
- from the first year (2018–2019) to the third year (2020–2021)e1
- Comparator
- control treatment (T 1 ) applied with a recommended dose of fertilizers (RDFs)e1
- Setting
- field experimente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The field experiment consisted of maize (M) and berseem (B) cropping sequences”
e1“treatment T 7 (100% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through FYM + PGPR+ 3% foliar spray of panchagavya (M) – PGPR+ 3% foliar spray of panchagavya (B)) significantly improves the soil organic carbon (5.0%–13.3%), soil organic matter content (4.85%–15.7%), available nutrients (19.1%–32.6%), microbial populations (69.0%–207.1%), and soil enzymatic activities (87.7%–163.8%) from the first year (2018–2019) to the third year (2020–2021) over the control treatment (T 1 ) applied with a recommended dose of fertilizers (RDFs)”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment T7 improved microbial populations (69.0%–207.1%) relative to the control from the first to the third year.
- Treatment
- 100% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through FYM + PGPR+ 3% foliar spray of panchagavya (M) – PGPR+ 3% foliar spray of panchagavya (B)e1
- Outcome
- microbial populationse1
- Direction
- improvese1
- Value
- 69.0%–207.1%e1
- Qualifier
- from the first year (2018–2019) to the third year (2020–2021)e1
- Comparator
- control treatment (T 1 ) applied with a recommended dose of fertilizers (RDFs)e1
- Setting
- field experimente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The field experiment consisted of maize (M) and berseem (B) cropping sequences”
e1“treatment T 7 (100% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through FYM + PGPR+ 3% foliar spray of panchagavya (M) – PGPR+ 3% foliar spray of panchagavya (B)) significantly improves the soil organic carbon (5.0%–13.3%), soil organic matter content (4.85%–15.7%), available nutrients (19.1%–32.6%), microbial populations (69.0%–207.1%), and soil enzymatic activities (87.7%–163.8%) from the first year (2018–2019) to the third year (2020–2021) over the control treatment (T 1 ) applied with a recommended dose of fertilizers (RDFs)”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment T7 improved soil enzymatic activities (87.7%–163.8%) relative to the control from the first to the third year.
- Treatment
- 100% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through FYM + PGPR+ 3% foliar spray of panchagavya (M) – PGPR+ 3% foliar spray of panchagavya (B)e1
- Outcome
- soil enzymatic activitiese1
- Direction
- improvese1
- Value
- 87.7%–163.8%e1
- Qualifier
- from the first year (2018–2019) to the third year (2020–2021)e1
- Comparator
- control treatment (T 1 ) applied with a recommended dose of fertilizers (RDFs)e1
- Setting
- field experimente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The field experiment consisted of maize (M) and berseem (B) cropping sequences”
e1“treatment T 7 (100% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through FYM + PGPR+ 3% foliar spray of panchagavya (M) – PGPR+ 3% foliar spray of panchagavya (B)) significantly improves the soil organic carbon (5.0%–13.3%), soil organic matter content (4.85%–15.7%), available nutrients (19.1%–32.6%), microbial populations (69.0%–207.1%), and soil enzymatic activities (87.7%–163.8%) from the first year (2018–2019) to the third year (2020–2021) over the control treatment (T 1 ) applied with a recommended dose of fertilizers (RDFs)”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment T7 recorded significant changes in fodder energy fractions, total digestible crude protein and green fodder yield of maize and berseem compared with the control.
- Treatment
- 100% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through FYM + PGPR+ 3% foliar spray of panchagavya (M) – PGPR+ 3% foliar spray of panchagavya (B)e1
- Outcome
- fodder energy fractions, total digestible crude protein, and green fodder yielde3
- Comparator
- control treatment (T 1 ) applied with a recommended dose of fertilizers (RDFs)e1
- Setting
- field experimente0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The field experiment consisted of maize (M) and berseem (B) cropping sequences”
e1“treatment T 7 (100% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through FYM + PGPR+ 3% foliar spray of panchagavya (M) – PGPR+ 3% foliar spray of panchagavya (B)) significantly improves the soil organic carbon (5.0%–13.3%), soil organic matter content (4.85%–15.7%), available nutrients (19.1%–32.6%), microbial populations (69.0%–207.1%), and soil enzymatic activities (87.7%–163.8%) from the first year (2018–2019) to the third year (2020–2021) over the control treatment (T 1 ) applied with a recommended dose of fertilizers (RDFs)”
e3“treatment T 7 recorded significant changes in the fodder energy fractions, total digestible crude protein, and green fodder yield of maize and berseem during the first year (2018–2019) to the third year (2020–2021) of cultivation as compared to the control (T 1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment T7 can be recommended to farmers for producing organic fodder with higher yield and energy and improved soil health under organic conditions.
- Treatment
- 100% RDN through FYM + PGPR + 3% foliar spray of panchagavya (M) – PGPR + 3% foliar spray of panchagavya (B)e2
- Outcome
- producing organic foddere2
- Setting
- under organic conditionse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The field experiment consisted of maize (M) and berseem (B) cropping sequences”
e2“Based on the findings, treatment T 7 : 100% RDN through FYM + PGPR + 3% foliar spray of panchagavya (M) – PGPR + 3% foliar spray of panchagavya (B) can be recommended for adoption to the farmers for producing organic fodder with higher yield with energy and with improved soil health under organic conditions”
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