Abstract
Tomato is one of the most widely grown horticultural crop species worldwide because of its high demand, nutritional benefits, and economic significance.Abiotic stress, particularly salinity stress, results in poor plant stand establishment, leading to decreased yield and quality.To address this problem, in this study, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) were used as a seed priming agent to increase tomato seed quality under salinity stress.For standardization, three different concentrations of ZnO NPs (250, 500, and 750 ppm) and three soaking durations (3, 6, and 8 h) were tested, along with hydroprimed and unprimed controls.Among these, tomato seeds primed with ZnO NPs at 750 ppm for 6 h presented significantly greater germination (92%), seed vigour index I (1399) and seed vigour index II (1813) values.The standardized treatment was further evaluated for seed quality and biochemical parameters under 50 mM and 100 mM NaCl.Salinity stress (50 mM and 100 mM NaCl) markedly affected the seed quality parameters as well as the biochemical traits of 14-day-old tomato seedlings.Under salinity stress (50 mM and 100 mM NaCl), a significant decrease in the germination percentage (2-11%), seedling dry weight (17-29%), total seedling length (17-26%), seed vigour index I (19-32%), seed vigour index II (18-35%), and chlorophyll content (24-55%) was detected, whereas a significant increase in the proline content (84-131%), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (20-32%), and catalase (CAT) activity (19-39%) was detected compared with those in the control (no stress conditions).Overall, nanopriming with ZnO NPs at 750 ppm for 6 h significantly increased chlorophyll production, antioxidative mechanisms, and osmotic regulation, which reduced the accumulation of ROS and lipid peroxidation in the cell membrane.These effects may help alleviate the detrimental impacts of salinity stress on tomato plants, which ultimately increases their productivity even under saline conditions.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO NP priming at 750 ppm for 6 h gave significantly greater germination (92%) than the controls.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- ZnO NPs at 750 ppm for 6 he1
- Outcome
- germinatione1
- Direction
- greatere1
- Value
- 92%e1
- Comparator
- hydroprimed and unprimed controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“TOMATO (SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM L.)”
e0“along with hydroprimed and unprimed controls”
e1“tomato seeds primed with ZnO NPs at 750 ppm for 6 h presented significantly greater germination (92%), seed vigour index I (1399) and seed vigour index II (1813) values”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO NP priming at 750 ppm for 6 h gave significantly greater seed vigour index I (1399) than the controls.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ZnO NPs at 750 ppm for 6 he1
- Outcome
- seed vigour index Ie1
- Direction
- greatere1
- Value
- 1399e1
- Comparator
- hydroprimed and unprimed controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“TOMATO (SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM L.)”
e0“along with hydroprimed and unprimed controls”
e1“tomato seeds primed with ZnO NPs at 750 ppm for 6 h presented significantly greater germination (92%), seed vigour index I (1399) and seed vigour index II (1813) values”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO NP priming at 750 ppm for 6 h gave significantly greater seed vigour index II (1813) than the controls.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ZnO NPs at 750 ppm for 6 he1
- Outcome
- seed vigour index IIe1
- Direction
- greatere1
- Value
- 1813e1
- Comparator
- hydroprimed and unprimed controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“TOMATO (SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM L.)”
e0“along with hydroprimed and unprimed controls”
e1“tomato seeds primed with ZnO NPs at 750 ppm for 6 h presented significantly greater germination (92%), seed vigour index I (1399) and seed vigour index II (1813) values”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity decreased tomato germination percentage by 2-11%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Salinity stress (50 mM and 100 mM NaCl)e2
- Outcome
- germination percentagee2
- Direction
- decreasee2
- Value
- 2-11%e2
- Comparator
- control (no stress conditions)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“TOMATO (SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM L.)”
e2“Under salinity stress (50 mM and 100 mM NaCl), a significant decrease in the germination percentage (2-11%), seedling dry weight (17-29%), total seedling length (17-26%), seed vigour index I (19-32%), seed vigour index II (18-35%), and chlorophyll content (24-55%) was detected, whereas a significant increase in the proline content (84-131%), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (20-32%), and catalase (CAT) activity (19-39%) was detected compared with those in the control (no stress conditions)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity decreased tomato seedling dry weight by 17-29%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Salinity stress (50 mM and 100 mM NaCl)e2
- Outcome
- seedling dry weighte2
- Direction
- decreasee2
- Value
- 17-29%e2
- Comparator
- control (no stress conditions)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“TOMATO (SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM L.)”
e2“Under salinity stress (50 mM and 100 mM NaCl), a significant decrease in the germination percentage (2-11%), seedling dry weight (17-29%), total seedling length (17-26%), seed vigour index I (19-32%), seed vigour index II (18-35%), and chlorophyll content (24-55%) was detected, whereas a significant increase in the proline content (84-131%), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (20-32%), and catalase (CAT) activity (19-39%) was detected compared with those in the control (no stress conditions)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity decreased tomato total seedling length by 17-26%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Salinity stress (50 mM and 100 mM NaCl)e2
- Outcome
- total seedling lengthe2
- Direction
- decreasee2
- Value
- 17-26%e2
- Comparator
- control (no stress conditions)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“TOMATO (SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM L.)”
e2“Under salinity stress (50 mM and 100 mM NaCl), a significant decrease in the germination percentage (2-11%), seedling dry weight (17-29%), total seedling length (17-26%), seed vigour index I (19-32%), seed vigour index II (18-35%), and chlorophyll content (24-55%) was detected, whereas a significant increase in the proline content (84-131%), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (20-32%), and catalase (CAT) activity (19-39%) was detected compared with those in the control (no stress conditions)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity decreased seed vigour index I by 19-32%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Salinity stress (50 mM and 100 mM NaCl)e2
- Outcome
- seed vigour index Ie2
- Direction
- decreasee2
- Value
- 19-32%e2
- Comparator
- control (no stress conditions)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“TOMATO (SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM L.)”
e2“Under salinity stress (50 mM and 100 mM NaCl), a significant decrease in the germination percentage (2-11%), seedling dry weight (17-29%), total seedling length (17-26%), seed vigour index I (19-32%), seed vigour index II (18-35%), and chlorophyll content (24-55%) was detected, whereas a significant increase in the proline content (84-131%), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (20-32%), and catalase (CAT) activity (19-39%) was detected compared with those in the control (no stress conditions)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity decreased seed vigour index II by 18-35%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Salinity stress (50 mM and 100 mM NaCl)e2
- Outcome
- seed vigour index IIe2
- Direction
- decreasee2
- Value
- 18-35%e2
- Comparator
- control (no stress conditions)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“TOMATO (SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM L.)”
e2“Under salinity stress (50 mM and 100 mM NaCl), a significant decrease in the germination percentage (2-11%), seedling dry weight (17-29%), total seedling length (17-26%), seed vigour index I (19-32%), seed vigour index II (18-35%), and chlorophyll content (24-55%) was detected, whereas a significant increase in the proline content (84-131%), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (20-32%), and catalase (CAT) activity (19-39%) was detected compared with those in the control (no stress conditions)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity decreased chlorophyll content by 24-55%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Salinity stress (50 mM and 100 mM NaCl)e2
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente2
- Direction
- decreasee2
- Value
- 24-55%e2
- Comparator
- control (no stress conditions)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“TOMATO (SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM L.)”
e2“Under salinity stress (50 mM and 100 mM NaCl), a significant decrease in the germination percentage (2-11%), seedling dry weight (17-29%), total seedling length (17-26%), seed vigour index I (19-32%), seed vigour index II (18-35%), and chlorophyll content (24-55%) was detected, whereas a significant increase in the proline content (84-131%), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (20-32%), and catalase (CAT) activity (19-39%) was detected compared with those in the control (no stress conditions)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased proline content by 84-131%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Salinity stress (50 mM and 100 mM NaCl)e2
- Outcome
- proline contente2
- Direction
- increasee2
- Value
- 84-131%e2
- Comparator
- control (no stress conditions)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“TOMATO (SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM L.)”
e2“Under salinity stress (50 mM and 100 mM NaCl), a significant decrease in the germination percentage (2-11%), seedling dry weight (17-29%), total seedling length (17-26%), seed vigour index I (19-32%), seed vigour index II (18-35%), and chlorophyll content (24-55%) was detected, whereas a significant increase in the proline content (84-131%), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (20-32%), and catalase (CAT) activity (19-39%) was detected compared with those in the control (no stress conditions)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased superoxide dismutase activity by 20-32%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Salinity stress (50 mM and 100 mM NaCl)e2
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD) activitye2
- Direction
- increasee2
- Value
- 20-32%e2
- Comparator
- control (no stress conditions)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“TOMATO (SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM L.)”
e2“Under salinity stress (50 mM and 100 mM NaCl), a significant decrease in the germination percentage (2-11%), seedling dry weight (17-29%), total seedling length (17-26%), seed vigour index I (19-32%), seed vigour index II (18-35%), and chlorophyll content (24-55%) was detected, whereas a significant increase in the proline content (84-131%), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (20-32%), and catalase (CAT) activity (19-39%) was detected compared with those in the control (no stress conditions)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased catalase activity by 19-39%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Salinity stress (50 mM and 100 mM NaCl)e2
- Outcome
- catalase (CAT) activitye2
- Direction
- increasee2
- Value
- 19-39%e2
- Comparator
- control (no stress conditions)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“TOMATO (SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM L.)”
e2“Under salinity stress (50 mM and 100 mM NaCl), a significant decrease in the germination percentage (2-11%), seedling dry weight (17-29%), total seedling length (17-26%), seed vigour index I (19-32%), seed vigour index II (18-35%), and chlorophyll content (24-55%) was detected, whereas a significant increase in the proline content (84-131%), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (20-32%), and catalase (CAT) activity (19-39%) was detected compared with those in the control (no stress conditions)”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO NP nanopriming increased chlorophyll production, antioxidative mechanisms and osmotic regulation in tomato seedlings.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- nanopriming with ZnO NPs at 750 ppm for 6 he3
- Outcome
- chlorophyll production, antioxidative mechanisms, and osmotic regulatione3
- Direction
- increasede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“TOMATO (SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM L.)”
e3“Overall, nanopriming with ZnO NPs at 750 ppm for 6 h significantly increased chlorophyll production, antioxidative mechanisms, and osmotic regulation, which reduced the accumulation of ROS and lipid peroxidation in the cell membrane”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO NP nanopriming reduced ROS and lipid peroxidation accumulation in tomato seedlings.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- nanopriming with ZnO NPs at 750 ppm for 6 he3
- Outcome
- accumulation of ROS and lipid peroxidatione3
- Direction
- reducede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“TOMATO (SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM L.)”
e3“Overall, nanopriming with ZnO NPs at 750 ppm for 6 h significantly increased chlorophyll production, antioxidative mechanisms, and osmotic regulation, which reduced the accumulation of ROS and lipid peroxidation in the cell membrane”
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