Abstract
Drought stress limits wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) productivity by disrupting plant growth, photosynthesis, and other metabolic activities. During recent times, the use of micronutrient-based nanoparticles (NPs) has emerged as a potential strategy to mitigate drought stress. However, comprehensive studies comparing their individual and combined effects on wheat under varying drought conditions are limited. This knowledge gap includes the lack of physiological and biochemical assessments of the integrated use of different NPs as well as insufficient understanding of their role in regulating oxidative stress and improving grain yield and quality of wheat under drought conditions. This study investigated the ameliorative role of different nanoparticles (NPs), namely iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and silicon (Si), on wheat under different levels of drought stress. A pot experiment was conducted to assess the impact of these NPs on plant growth, indicators of oxidative stress, activities of antioxidant enzymes, and yield attributes of wheat. Present results revealed a significant reduction in growth, biomass accumulation, and yield attributes under drought stress. On the other hand, the use of NPs led to a marked improvement in morpho-physiological growth, biomass, and yield, suggesting their potential to alleviate the negative impacts of drought on wheat. Among the treatments, the combined use of Fe and Zn-NPs (T 5 ) showed most promising results for wheat growth under drought stress, with the maximum increases in plant height (17.59 %), leaf area (68.2 %), and number of tillers (26.1 %). Moreover, the maximum increase in total chlorophyll (16.6–44.3 %), carotenoids (15.4–46.8 %), soluble proteins (38.5–45.1 %), and relative moisture contents in leaves (31.19–35.2 %) were also recorded in Fe + Zn-NPs under varying drought levels (D 0 , D 1 , D 2 ). Indicators of oxidative stress, such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) contents, were decreased by 44.5–46.2 % and 42.1–48.9 %, respectively, in Fe + Zn-NPs treatment under drought stress. Likewise, Fe + Zn-NPs increased the superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities by 102.7–589 %, 44.5–142.7 %, 74.2–200.2 %, and 16.01–634.2 %, respectively, in the wheat plants under drought stress. Furthermore, Fe + Zn-NPs improved the wheat flour yield (4.7 %) under drought stress. These findings highlight the beneficial role of NPs in enhancing wheat performance under drought stress.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Drought stress significantly reduced wheat growth, biomass accumulation and yield attributes.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- drought stresse0
- Outcome
- growth, biomass accumulation, and yield attributese0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Present results revealed a significant reduction in growth, biomass accumulation, and yield attributes under drought stress.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanoparticles improved wheat growth, biomass and yield under drought stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- NPse0
- Outcome
- morpho-physiological growth, biomass, and yielde0
- Direction
- improvemente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the use of NPs led to a marked improvement in morpho-physiological growth, biomass, and yield”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe and Zn nanoparticles increased wheat plant height by 17.59% under drought stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- combined use of Fe and Zn-NPse0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- maximum increasese0
- Value
- 17.59 %e0
- Qualifier
- under drought stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the combined use of Fe and Zn-NPs (T 5 ) showed most promising results for wheat growth under drought stress, with the maximum increases in plant height (17.59 %), leaf area (68.2 %), and number of tillers (26.1 %).”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe and Zn nanoparticles increased wheat leaf area by 68.2% under drought stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- combined use of Fe and Zn-NPse0
- Outcome
- leaf areae0
- Direction
- maximum increasese0
- Value
- 68.2 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the combined use of Fe and Zn-NPs (T 5 ) showed most promising results for wheat growth under drought stress, with the maximum increases in plant height (17.59 %), leaf area (68.2 %), and number of tillers (26.1 %).”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe and Zn nanoparticles increased wheat tiller number by 26.1% under drought stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- combined use of Fe and Zn-NPse0
- Outcome
- number of tillerse0
- Direction
- maximum increasese0
- Value
- 26.1 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the combined use of Fe and Zn-NPs (T 5 ) showed most promising results for wheat growth under drought stress, with the maximum increases in plant height (17.59 %), leaf area (68.2 %), and number of tillers (26.1 %).”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe and Zn nanoparticles increased total chlorophyll by 16.6–44.3% across drought levels.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Fe + Zn-NPse0
- Outcome
- total chlorophylle0
- Direction
- maximum increasee0
- Value
- 16.6–44.3 %e0
- Qualifier
- under varying drought levels (D 0 , D 1 , D 2 )e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the maximum increase in total chlorophyll (16.6–44.3 %), carotenoids (15.4–46.8 %), soluble proteins (38.5–45.1 %), and relative moisture contents in leaves (31.19–35.2 %) were also recorded in Fe + Zn-NPs under varying drought levels (D 0 , D 1 , D 2 ).”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe and Zn nanoparticles increased carotenoids by 15.4–46.8% across drought levels.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Fe + Zn-NPse0
- Outcome
- carotenoidse0
- Direction
- maximum increasee0
- Value
- 15.4–46.8 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the maximum increase in total chlorophyll (16.6–44.3 %), carotenoids (15.4–46.8 %), soluble proteins (38.5–45.1 %), and relative moisture contents in leaves (31.19–35.2 %) were also recorded in Fe + Zn-NPs under varying drought levels (D 0 , D 1 , D 2 ).”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe and Zn nanoparticles increased soluble proteins by 38.5–45.1% across drought levels.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Fe + Zn-NPse0
- Outcome
- soluble proteinse0
- Direction
- maximum increasee0
- Value
- 38.5–45.1 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the maximum increase in total chlorophyll (16.6–44.3 %), carotenoids (15.4–46.8 %), soluble proteins (38.5–45.1 %), and relative moisture contents in leaves (31.19–35.2 %) were also recorded in Fe + Zn-NPs under varying drought levels (D 0 , D 1 , D 2 ).”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe and Zn nanoparticles increased relative leaf moisture by 31.19–35.2% across drought levels.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Fe + Zn-NPse0
- Outcome
- relative moisture contents in leavese0
- Direction
- maximum increasee0
- Value
- 31.19–35.2 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the maximum increase in total chlorophyll (16.6–44.3 %), carotenoids (15.4–46.8 %), soluble proteins (38.5–45.1 %), and relative moisture contents in leaves (31.19–35.2 %) were also recorded in Fe + Zn-NPs under varying drought levels (D 0 , D 1 , D 2 ).”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe and Zn nanoparticles decreased malondialdehyde content by 44.5–46.2% under drought stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Fe + Zn-NPs treatmente0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 44.5–46.2 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Indicators of oxidative stress, such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) contents, were decreased by 44.5–46.2 % and 42.1–48.9 %, respectively, in Fe + Zn-NPs treatment under drought stress.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe and Zn nanoparticles decreased hydrogen peroxide content by 42.1–48.9% under drought stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Fe + Zn-NPs treatmente0
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) contentse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 42.1–48.9 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Indicators of oxidative stress, such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) contents, were decreased by 44.5–46.2 % and 42.1–48.9 %, respectively, in Fe + Zn-NPs treatment under drought stress.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe and Zn nanoparticles increased superoxide dismutase activity by 102.7–589% under drought stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Fe + Zn-NPse0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 102.7–589 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fe + Zn-NPs increased the superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities by 102.7–589 %, 44.5–142.7 %, 74.2–200.2 %, and 16.01–634.2 %, respectively, in the wheat plants under drought stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe and Zn nanoparticles increased peroxidase activity by 44.5–142.7% under drought stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Fe + Zn-NPse0
- Outcome
- peroxidase (POD)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 44.5–142.7 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fe + Zn-NPs increased the superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities by 102.7–589 %, 44.5–142.7 %, 74.2–200.2 %, and 16.01–634.2 %, respectively, in the wheat plants under drought stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe and Zn nanoparticles increased catalase activity by 74.2–200.2% under drought stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Fe + Zn-NPse0
- Outcome
- catalase (CAT)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 74.2–200.2 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fe + Zn-NPs increased the superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities by 102.7–589 %, 44.5–142.7 %, 74.2–200.2 %, and 16.01–634.2 %, respectively, in the wheat plants under drought stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe and Zn nanoparticles increased ascorbate peroxidase activity by 16.01–634.2% under drought stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Fe + Zn-NPse0
- Outcome
- ascorbate peroxidase (APX)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 16.01–634.2 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fe + Zn-NPs increased the superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities by 102.7–589 %, 44.5–142.7 %, 74.2–200.2 %, and 16.01–634.2 %, respectively, in the wheat plants under drought stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe and Zn nanoparticles improved wheat flour yield by 4.7% under drought stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Fe + Zn-NPse0
- Outcome
- wheat flour yielde0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 4.7 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fe + Zn-NPs improved the wheat flour yield (4.7 %) under drought stress.”
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See all 511 papers →8 of 22 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.