Abstract
This study reports the isolation of four bacteria from metal-enriched sites and rhizosphere soil and evaluated their tolerance (to 9 mM) toward iron (ferric chloride) and zinc (zinc sulfate). Among all the four isolates, AW5 exhibited plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits, namely, siderophores, indole-3-acetic acid, and increased solubilization of zinc and phosphorus. AW5 efficiently synthesized iron and zinc nanoparticles (NPs) of size 135 nm and 197 nm, respectively. The biologically synthesized iron and zinc NPs (20 ppm) enhanced the bacteria (AW5) growth, production of indole-3-acetic acid and siderophore, and solubilization of phosphate and zinc. A combination of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and NPs (seed priming) significantly improved shoot (up to 9%) and root length (up to 35%), wheat dry biomass (up to 96%), 100-grain weight (up to 28%), iron content (14%), and zinc content (4%) versus the recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) control under a pot experiment. A foliar spray of NPs combined with PGPR seed priming showed a significant increase in shoot length (7%) and root length (up to 14%), wheat dry biomass (up to 59%), 100-grain weight (up to 34%), iron content (27%), and zinc content (53%) versus the RDF control under a pot experiment. Nanoparticle treatment through seed priming or foliar spray enhanced plant growth hormones (auxin, 59%) and chlorophyll A and B (51% and 107%) and soil microbial enzymes (dehydrogenase up to 53% and fluorescein diacetate up to 164%), and increased grain fat (65%) and ash content (42%). The synthesized NPs improved root morphology, photosynthesis, and soil enzymatic activities that enhanced the availability of micronutrients from soil to plant for its growth and biofortification. The synergistic impact of NPs bolstered plant–bacteria interactions, hence increasing nutrient uptake by improving the root architecture and facilitating the availability of FeNPs and ZnNPs. This study provides valuable insights into employing bacteria-assisted NPs in biofortification and crop productivity to achieve agricultural sustainability.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial isolate AW5 showed plant growth-promoting traits: siderophores, indole-3-acetic acid and increased zinc and phosphorus solubilization.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Interactor
- AW5e1symbiont
- Outcome
- siderophores, indole-3-acetic acide1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e1“Among all the four isolates, AW5 exhibited plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits, namely, siderophores, indole-3-acetic acid, and increased solubilization of zinc and phosphorus”
Claim · model-written summary
AW5 synthesized iron nanoparticles of 135 nm.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- AW5e1symbiont
- Outcome
- synthesized iron and zinc nanoparticlese1
- Value
- 135 nme1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e1“AW5 efficiently synthesized iron and zinc nanoparticles (NPs) of size 135 nm and 197 nm, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
AW5 synthesized zinc nanoparticles of 197 nm.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- AW5e1symbiont
- Outcome
- synthesized iron and zinc nanoparticlese1
- Value
- 197 nme1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e1“AW5 efficiently synthesized iron and zinc nanoparticles (NPs) of size 135 nm and 197 nm, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Biologically synthesized Fe and Zn nanoparticles at 20 ppm enhanced the growth of AW5 and its production of indole-3-acetic acid and siderophore.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- biologically synthesized iron and zinc NPs (20 ppm)e1
- Interactor
- AW5e1symbiont
- Outcome
- production of indole-3-acetic acid and siderophoree1
- Direction
- enhancede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e1“The biologically synthesized iron and zinc NPs (20 ppm) enhanced the bacteria (AW5) growth, production of indole-3-acetic acid and siderophore, and solubilization of phosphate and zinc”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed priming with PGPR and NPs significantly improved wheat root length by up to 35% compared with the RDF control in a pot experiment.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- A combination of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and NPse1
- Interactor
- plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)e1symbiont
- Outcome
- root lengthe1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Value
- up to 35%e1
- Comparator
- recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) controle1
- Setting
- pot experimente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e1“A combination of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and NPs (seed priming) significantly improved shoot (up to 9%) and root length (up to 35%), wheat dry biomass (up to 96%), 100-grain weight (up to 28%), iron content (14%), and zinc content (4%) versus the recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) control under a pot experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed priming with PGPR and NPs significantly improved wheat dry biomass by up to 96% compared with the RDF control in a pot experiment.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- A combination of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and NPse1
- Interactor
- plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)e1symbiont
- Outcome
- wheat dry biomasse1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Value
- up to 96%e1
- Comparator
- recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) controle1
- Setting
- pot experimente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e1“A combination of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and NPs (seed priming) significantly improved shoot (up to 9%) and root length (up to 35%), wheat dry biomass (up to 96%), 100-grain weight (up to 28%), iron content (14%), and zinc content (4%) versus the recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) control under a pot experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed priming with PGPR and NPs significantly improved 100-grain weight by up to 28% compared with the RDF control in a pot experiment.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- A combination of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and NPse1
- Interactor
- plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)e1symbiont
- Outcome
- 100-grain weighte1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Value
- up to 28%e1
- Comparator
- recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) controle1
- Setting
- pot experimente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e1“A combination of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and NPs (seed priming) significantly improved shoot (up to 9%) and root length (up to 35%), wheat dry biomass (up to 96%), 100-grain weight (up to 28%), iron content (14%), and zinc content (4%) versus the recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) control under a pot experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed priming with PGPR and NPs significantly improved wheat iron content by 14% compared with the RDF control in a pot experiment.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- A combination of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and NPse1
- Interactor
- plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)e1symbiont
- Outcome
- iron contente1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Value
- 14%e1
- Comparator
- recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) controle1
- Setting
- pot experimente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e1“A combination of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and NPs (seed priming) significantly improved shoot (up to 9%) and root length (up to 35%), wheat dry biomass (up to 96%), 100-grain weight (up to 28%), iron content (14%), and zinc content (4%) versus the recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) control under a pot experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed priming with PGPR and NPs significantly improved wheat zinc content by 4% compared with the RDF control in a pot experiment.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- A combination of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and NPse1
- Interactor
- plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)e1symbiont
- Outcome
- zinc contente1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Value
- 4%e1
- Comparator
- recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) controle1
- Setting
- pot experimente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e1“A combination of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and NPs (seed priming) significantly improved shoot (up to 9%) and root length (up to 35%), wheat dry biomass (up to 96%), 100-grain weight (up to 28%), iron content (14%), and zinc content (4%) versus the recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) control under a pot experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar spray of NPs with PGPR seed priming significantly increased wheat shoot length by 7% compared with the RDF control in a pot experiment.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- A foliar spray of NPs combined with PGPR seed priminge1
- Interactor
- PGPRe1symbiont
- Outcome
- shoot lengthe1
- Direction
- significant increasee1
- Value
- 7%e1
- Comparator
- RDF controle1
- Setting
- pot experimente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e1“A foliar spray of NPs combined with PGPR seed priming showed a significant increase in shoot length (7%) and root length (up to 14%), wheat dry biomass (up to 59%), 100-grain weight (up to 34%), iron content (27%), and zinc content (53%) versus the RDF control under a pot experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar spray of NPs with PGPR seed priming significantly increased wheat root length by up to 14% compared with the RDF control in a pot experiment.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- A foliar spray of NPs combined with PGPR seed priminge1
- Interactor
- PGPRe1symbiont
- Outcome
- root lengthe1
- Direction
- significant increasee1
- Value
- up to 14%e1
- Comparator
- RDF controle1
- Setting
- pot experimente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e1“A foliar spray of NPs combined with PGPR seed priming showed a significant increase in shoot length (7%) and root length (up to 14%), wheat dry biomass (up to 59%), 100-grain weight (up to 34%), iron content (27%), and zinc content (53%) versus the RDF control under a pot experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar spray of NPs with PGPR seed priming significantly increased wheat dry biomass by up to 59% compared with the RDF control in a pot experiment.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- A foliar spray of NPs combined with PGPR seed priminge1
- Interactor
- PGPRe1symbiont
- Outcome
- wheat dry biomasse1
- Direction
- significant increasee1
- Value
- up to 59%e1
- Comparator
- RDF controle1
- Setting
- pot experimente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e1“A foliar spray of NPs combined with PGPR seed priming showed a significant increase in shoot length (7%) and root length (up to 14%), wheat dry biomass (up to 59%), 100-grain weight (up to 34%), iron content (27%), and zinc content (53%) versus the RDF control under a pot experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar spray of NPs with PGPR seed priming significantly increased 100-grain weight by up to 34% compared with the RDF control in a pot experiment.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- A foliar spray of NPs combined with PGPR seed priminge1
- Interactor
- PGPRe1symbiont
- Outcome
- 100-grain weighte1
- Direction
- significant increasee1
- Value
- up to 34%e1
- Comparator
- RDF controle1
- Setting
- pot experimente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e1“A foliar spray of NPs combined with PGPR seed priming showed a significant increase in shoot length (7%) and root length (up to 14%), wheat dry biomass (up to 59%), 100-grain weight (up to 34%), iron content (27%), and zinc content (53%) versus the RDF control under a pot experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar spray of NPs with PGPR seed priming significantly increased wheat iron content by 27% compared with the RDF control in a pot experiment.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- A foliar spray of NPs combined with PGPR seed priminge1
- Interactor
- PGPRe1symbiont
- Outcome
- iron contente1
- Direction
- significant increasee1
- Value
- 27%e1
- Comparator
- RDF controle1
- Setting
- pot experimente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e1“A foliar spray of NPs combined with PGPR seed priming showed a significant increase in shoot length (7%) and root length (up to 14%), wheat dry biomass (up to 59%), 100-grain weight (up to 34%), iron content (27%), and zinc content (53%) versus the RDF control under a pot experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar spray of NPs with PGPR seed priming significantly increased wheat zinc content by 53% compared with the RDF control in a pot experiment.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- A foliar spray of NPs combined with PGPR seed priminge1
- Interactor
- PGPRe1symbiont
- Outcome
- zinc contente1
- Direction
- significant increasee1
- Value
- 53%e1
- Comparator
- RDF controle1
- Setting
- pot experimente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e1“A foliar spray of NPs combined with PGPR seed priming showed a significant increase in shoot length (7%) and root length (up to 14%), wheat dry biomass (up to 59%), 100-grain weight (up to 34%), iron content (27%), and zinc content (53%) versus the RDF control under a pot experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanoparticle treatment enhanced plant growth hormones (auxin) by 59%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Nanoparticle treatment through seed priming or foliar spraye2
- Outcome
- plant growth hormonese1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- 59%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e1“Nanoparticle treatment through seed priming or foliar spray enhanced plant growth hormones (auxin, 59%) and chlorophyll A and B (51% and 107%)”
e2“Nanoparticle treatment through seed priming or foliar spray”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanoparticle treatment enhanced chlorophyll A and B by 51% and 107%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Nanoparticle treatment through seed priming or foliar spraye2
- Outcome
- chlorophyll A and Be1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- 51% and 107%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e1“Nanoparticle treatment through seed priming or foliar spray enhanced plant growth hormones (auxin, 59%) and chlorophyll A and B (51% and 107%)”
e2“Nanoparticle treatment through seed priming or foliar spray”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanoparticle treatment enhanced soil microbial enzymes (dehydrogenase up to 53% and fluorescein diacetate up to 164%).
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Nanoparticle treatment through seed priming or foliar spraye3
- Outcome
- soil microbial enzymese1
- Direction
- enhancede2
- Value
- dehydrogenase up to 53% and fluorescein diacetate up to 164%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e1“and soil microbial enzymes (dehydrogenase up to 53% and fluorescein diacetate up to 164%)”
e2“Nanoparticle treatment through seed priming or foliar spray enhanced plant growth hormones (auxin, 59%) and chlorophyll A and B (51% and 107%)”
e3“Nanoparticle treatment through seed priming or foliar spray”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanoparticle treatment increased grain fat by 65%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Nanoparticle treatment through seed priming or foliar spraye3
- Outcome
- grain fate1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 65%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e1“and increased grain fat (65%) and ash content (42%)”
e2“Nanoparticle treatment through seed priming or foliar spray enhanced plant growth hormones (auxin, 59%) and chlorophyll A and B (51% and 107%)”
e3“Nanoparticle treatment through seed priming or foliar spray”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanoparticle treatment increased grain ash content by 42%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Nanoparticle treatment through seed priming or foliar spraye3
- Outcome
- ash contente1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 42%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e1“and increased grain fat (65%) and ash content (42%)”
e2“Nanoparticle treatment through seed priming or foliar spray enhanced plant growth hormones (auxin, 59%) and chlorophyll A and B (51% and 107%)”
e3“Nanoparticle treatment through seed priming or foliar spray”
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See all 27 papers →8 of 26 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.