Abstract
The present study investigates the dual impact of microbial biofertilizers on the phenotypic performance and rhizosphere microbiome composition in an onion crop. A pot experiment was conducted with seven treatments of microbial inoculants, such as Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Piriformospora indica , phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB), and control treatments with and without chemical fertilizers. The growth, physiological, and biochemical traits of onion were assessed alongside rhizospheric soil microbiome profiling using 16S rRNA metagenomic sequencing. Significant enhancement in plant height, leaf number, leaf area, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, and antioxidant enzyme activity with low leaf temperature was observed in plants inoculated with Azotobacter and Azospirillum. Notably, the Azotobacter treatment yielded a significant enhancement in the bulb phenol content. Rhizosphere metagenomic analysis revealed 17 dominant phyla, with Actinobacteria (25.3%), Proteobacteria (22.2%), Firmicutes (12.8%), and Chloroflexi (11.02%) comprising over 70% of the total microbiome. Alpha and beta diversity metrics indicated that microbial inoculation, especially with Azospirillum and PSB, enriched the soil microbial community structure. Distinct clustering and correlations with specific microbial taxa such as Candidatus Nitrososphaera and Pseudomonas were observed in response to individual biofertilizer treatments. This study highlights the potential of biofertilizers not only in enhancing onion growth and development but also in modulating beneficial rhizosphere microbial communities. Integrating biofertilizers into onion production systems could reduce the dependency on chemical fertilizers and promote sustainable crop management.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Azotobacter increased onion height, leaf number, and leaf area.
- Taxon
- onion
Allium cepat0 - Treatment
- inoculated with Azotobactere0
- Interactor
- Azotobacter
Azotobactere0symbiont - Outcome
- plant height, leaf number, leaf areae0
- Direction
- enhancemente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“onion ( Allium cepa L.)”
e0“Significant enhancement in plant height, leaf number, leaf area, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, and antioxidant enzyme activity with low leaf temperature was observed in plants inoculated with Azotobacter and Azospirillum”
Claim · model-written summary
Azospirillum increased onion height, leaf number, and leaf area.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- inoculated with Azotobacter and Azospirillume0
- Interactor
- Azospirillum
Azospirillume0symbiont - Outcome
- plant height, leaf number, leaf areae0
- Direction
- enhancemente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“onion ( Allium cepa L.)”
e0“Significant enhancement in plant height, leaf number, leaf area, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, and antioxidant enzyme activity with low leaf temperature was observed in plants inoculated with Azotobacter and Azospirillum”
Claim · model-written summary
Azotobacter increased onion chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, and antioxidant enzyme activity.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- inoculated with Azotobactere0
- Interactor
- AzotobacterAzotobactere0symbiont
- Outcome
- chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, and antioxidant enzyme activitye0
- Direction
- enhancemente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“onion ( Allium cepa L.)”
e0“Significant enhancement in plant height, leaf number, leaf area, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, and antioxidant enzyme activity with low leaf temperature was observed in plants inoculated with Azotobacter and Azospirillum”
Claim · model-written summary
Azospirillum increased onion chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, and antioxidant enzyme activity.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- inoculated with Azotobacter and Azospirillume0
- Interactor
- AzospirillumAzospirillume0symbiont
- Outcome
- chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, and antioxidant enzyme activitye0
- Direction
- enhancemente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“onion ( Allium cepa L.)”
e0“Significant enhancement in plant height, leaf number, leaf area, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, and antioxidant enzyme activity with low leaf temperature was observed in plants inoculated with Azotobacter and Azospirillum”
Claim · model-written summary
Azotobacter inoculation lowered onion leaf temperature.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- inoculated with Azotobactere0
- Interactor
- AzotobacterAzotobactere0symbiont
- Outcome
- leaf temperaturee0
- Direction
- lowe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“onion ( Allium cepa L.)”
e0“low leaf temperature was observed in plants inoculated with Azotobacter and Azospirillum”
Claim · model-written summary
Azospirillum inoculation lowered onion leaf temperature.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- inoculated with Azotobacter and Azospirillume0
- Interactor
- AzospirillumAzospirillume0symbiont
- Outcome
- leaf temperaturee0
- Direction
- lowe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“onion ( Allium cepa L.)”
e0“low leaf temperature was observed in plants inoculated with Azotobacter and Azospirillum”
Claim · model-written summary
Azotobacter significantly enhanced onion bulb phenol content.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- Azotobacter treatmente0
- Interactor
- AzotobacterAzotobactere0symbiont
- Outcome
- bulb phenol contente0
- Direction
- enhancemente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“onion ( Allium cepa L.)”
e0“the Azotobacter treatment yielded a significant enhancement in the bulb phenol content”
Claim · model-written summary
Four phyla together comprised over 70% of the onion rhizosphere microbiome.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Outcome
- total microbiomee0
- Value
- over 70%e0
- Qualifier
- Actinobacteria (25.3%), Proteobacteria (22.2%), Firmicutes (12.8%), and Chloroflexi (11.02%)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“onion ( Allium cepa L.)”
e0“17 dominant phyla, with Actinobacteria (25.3%), Proteobacteria (22.2%), Firmicutes (12.8%), and Chloroflexi (11.02%) comprising over 70% of the total microbiome”
Claim · model-written summary
Azospirillum inoculation enriched onion rhizosphere microbial community structure.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- microbial inoculation, especially with Azospirillume0
- Interactor
- AzospirillumAzospirillume0symbiont
- Outcome
- soil microbial community structuree0
- Direction
- enrichede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“onion ( Allium cepa L.)”
e0“microbial inoculation, especially with Azospirillum and PSB, enriched the soil microbial community structure”
Claim · model-written summary
PSB inoculation enriched onion rhizosphere microbial community structure.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- microbial inoculation, especially with Azospirillum and PSBe0
- Interactor
- PSBe0symbiont
- Outcome
- soil microbial community structuree0
- Direction
- enrichede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“onion ( Allium cepa L.)”
e0“microbial inoculation, especially with Azospirillum and PSB, enriched the soil microbial community structure”
Claim · model-written summary
Individual biofertilizer treatments produced distinct microbial clustering and correlations with Candidatus Nitrososphaera and Pseudomonas.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- individual biofertilizer treatmentse0
- Interactor
- Candidatus Nitrososphaera
Nitrososphaerae0symbiont - Second interactor
- Pseudomonas
Pseudomonase0symbiont - Outcome
- Distinct clustering and correlationse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“onion ( Allium cepa L.)”
e0“Distinct clustering and correlations with specific microbial taxa such as Candidatus Nitrososphaera and Pseudomonas were observed in response to individual biofertilizer treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose integrating biofertilizers into onion production to reduce reliance on chemical fertilizers.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Outcome
- Integrating biofertilizers into onion production systems could reduce the dependency on chemical fertilizers and promote sustainable crop managemente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“onion ( Allium cepa L.)”
e0“Integrating biofertilizers into onion production systems could reduce the dependency on chemical fertilizers and promote sustainable crop management”
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