Abstract
Heavy metals contamination, particularly cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), poses a major threat to wheat productivity and human health. The comparative efficacy of natural and synthetic sources of Si fertilization to alleviate heavy metals stress in wheat remains largely unexplored. A pot study comprising thirteen treatments was designed under a completely randomized design (CRD) to assess the synthetic (Ca silicate) and natural (treated burnt rice husk) Si fertilizers in promoting the wheat growth and mitigating the adverse effects of heavy metals-induced toxicity. Five surface-sterilized seeds of wheat cv. Faisalabad-2008 were sown in pots under controlled conditions (25 °C temperature, 75% relative humidity and 16/8 h light/dark period) from sowing to maturity (170 days). Application of both Si sources considerably enhanced all the agronomic, physiological, and biochemical characteristics of wheat by reducing the adverse impact of heavy metals stress. However, in comparison, the synthetic Si (Ca silicate) fertilization proved superior, resulting in the greatest improvements in plant height (11.60%) and grain yield (12.84%), while marked reduction in Cd (15.53%) and Pb (10.02%) contents in shoot under heavy metals stress. Si application increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities and reduced the electrolyte leakage (EL) and malondialdehyde (MDA), demonstrating effective mitigation of the oxidative stress. The correlation analysis proved that the positive changes in agronomic characteristics caused by Si fertilization were highly correlated with lower heavy metals uptake and increased antioxidant activities. Collectively, both Si fertilizer sources significantly reduced the Cd and Pb toxicity, however, in comparison; the synthetic Si fertilizer was more effective in enhancing the wheat productivity under Cd or Pb stress than natural Si fertilizer.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Both silicon sources improved agronomic, physiological, and biochemical wheat traits under heavy metal stress.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- both Si sourcese0
- Outcome
- agronomic, physiological, and biochemical characteristicse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of both Si sources considerably enhanced all the agronomic, physiological, and biochemical characteristics of wheat by reducing the adverse impact of heavy metals stress.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Synthetic Ca silicate increased wheat plant height by 11.60%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- synthetic Si (Ca silicate) fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- improvementse0
- Value
- 11.60%e0
- Qualifier
- under heavy metals stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, in comparison, the synthetic Si (Ca silicate) fertilization proved superior, resulting in the greatest improvements in plant height (11.60%) and grain yield (12.84%), while marked reduction in Cd (15.53%) and Pb (10.02%) contents in shoot under heavy metals stress.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Synthetic Ca silicate increased grain yield by 12.84%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- synthetic Si (Ca silicate) fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- improvementse0
- Value
- 12.84%e0
- Qualifier
- under heavy metals stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, in comparison, the synthetic Si (Ca silicate) fertilization proved superior, resulting in the greatest improvements in plant height (11.60%) and grain yield (12.84%), while marked reduction in Cd (15.53%) and Pb (10.02%) contents in shoot under heavy metals stress.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Synthetic Ca silicate reduced shoot Cd content by 15.53%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- synthetic Si (Ca silicate) fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- Cde0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 15.53%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, in comparison, the synthetic Si (Ca silicate) fertilization proved superior, resulting in the greatest improvements in plant height (11.60%) and grain yield (12.84%), while marked reduction in Cd (15.53%) and Pb (10.02%) contents in shoot under heavy metals stress.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Synthetic Ca silicate reduced shoot Pb content by 10.02%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- synthetic Si (Ca silicate) fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- Pbe0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 10.02%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, in comparison, the synthetic Si (Ca silicate) fertilization proved superior, resulting in the greatest improvements in plant height (11.60%) and grain yield (12.84%), while marked reduction in Cd (15.53%) and Pb (10.02%) contents in shoot under heavy metals stress.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Si increased SOD and POD activities.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Si applicatione0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activitiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Si application increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities and reduced the electrolyte leakage (EL) and malondialdehyde (MDA), demonstrating effective mitigation of the oxidative stress.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Si reduced electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Si applicatione0
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakage (EL) and malondialdehyde (MDA)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Si application increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities and reduced the electrolyte leakage (EL) and malondialdehyde (MDA), demonstrating effective mitigation of the oxidative stress.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Agronomic improvements correlated with lower heavy metal uptake and increased antioxidant activities.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Si fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- positive changes in agronomic characteristicse0
- Qualifier
- lower heavy metals uptake and increased antioxidant activitiese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The correlation analysis proved that the positive changes in agronomic characteristics caused by Si fertilization were highly correlated with lower heavy metals uptake and increased antioxidant activities.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Both Si sources significantly reduced Cd and Pb toxicity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- both Si fertilizer sourcese0
- Outcome
- Cd and Pb toxicitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Collectively, both Si fertilizer sources significantly reduced the Cd and Pb toxicity, however, in comparison; the synthetic Si fertilizer was more effective in enhancing the wheat productivity under Cd or Pb stress than natural Si fertilizer.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Synthetic Si was more effective than natural Si for productivity under Cd or Pb stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- synthetic Si fertilizere0
- Outcome
- wheat productivitye0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Qualifier
- under Cd or Pb stresse0
- Comparator
- natural Si fertilizere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Collectively, both Si fertilizer sources significantly reduced the Cd and Pb toxicity, however, in comparison; the synthetic Si fertilizer was more effective in enhancing the wheat productivity under Cd or Pb stress than natural Si fertilizer.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
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See all 90 papers →8 of 16 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.