Abstract
To investigate the long-term effects of combined organic and inorganic fertilizer application on the structural stability and fertility of soil in paddy fields located in the cool northeastern region of China, a long-term fixed-site experiment was initiated in 2017. The experiments included the following five treatments: 100% conventional chemical fertilizer NPK (CK), conventional PK fertilizer without N fertilizer (T1), 30% organic N and 70% chemical N fertilizers with conventional PK fertilizer (T2), 50% organic N and 50% chemical N fertilizers with conventional PK fertilizer (T3), and 100% organic N fertilizer (T4). Notably, the total amount of fertilizer applied remained consistent across treatment groups. The results revealed that the combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers significantly increased rice yields and nitrogen use efficiency, with the T3 treatment performing the best. Compared with CK, T3 resulted in a 24.26% greater rice yield, and it increased the nitrogen agronomic efficiency by 71.05%. There were no significant differences among the treatment groups in terms of the proportions of soil aggregates larger than 2 mm or smaller than 0.053 mm. Nitrogen fertilizer application reduced the proportion of 0.053–0.25 mm aggregates and promoted the formation of predominantly 0.25–2 mm aggregates. However, the different organic–inorganic combinations did not cause significant differences in soil aggregate structure or stability. Compared with the CK treatment, the application of both organic and inorganic fertilizers increased soil organic matter content, decreased N2O emissions, and increased soil catalase activity. In summary, the application of 50% organic N and 50% chemical N fertilizers with conventional PK fertilizer (T3) was determined to be the optimal combination for achieving high and stable rice yields in the cool northeastern region of China while increasing the structural stability and fertility of the soil.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Combining organic and inorganic fertilizers significantly increased rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency, with T3 performing best.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae1 - Treatment
- combination of organic and inorganic fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- rice yields and nitrogen use efficiencye1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Setting
- cool northeastern region of Chinae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“paddy fields located in the cool northeastern region of China”
e1“The results revealed that the combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers significantly increased rice yields and nitrogen use efficiency, with the T3 treatment performing the best”
Claim · model-written summary
T3 gave a 24.26% greater rice yield than CK.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- T3e2
- Outcome
- rice yielde2
- Direction
- greatere2
- Value
- 24.26%e2
- Comparator
- CKe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Compared with CK, T3 resulted in a 24.26% greater rice yield, and it increased the nitrogen agronomic efficiency by 71.05%”
Claim · model-written summary
T3 increased nitrogen agronomic efficiency by 71.05% compared with CK.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- T3e2
- Outcome
- nitrogen agronomic efficiencye2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 71.05%e2
- Comparator
- CKe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Compared with CK, T3 resulted in a 24.26% greater rice yield, and it increased the nitrogen agronomic efficiency by 71.05%”
Claim · model-written summary
Proportions of soil aggregates larger than 2 mm or smaller than 0.053 mm did not differ among the treatment groups.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- combination of organic and inorganic fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- proportions of soil aggregates larger than 2 mm or smaller than 0.053 mme3
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede3
- Comparator
- among the treatment groupse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The results revealed that the combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers significantly increased rice yields and nitrogen use efficiency, with the T3 treatment performing the best”
e3“There were no significant differences among the treatment groups in terms of the proportions of soil aggregates larger than 2 mm or smaller than 0.053 mm”
Claim · model-written summary
Different organic–inorganic combinations did not change soil aggregate structure or stability.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- different organic–inorganic combinationse4
- Outcome
- soil aggregate structure or stabilitye4
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The results revealed that the combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers significantly increased rice yields and nitrogen use efficiency, with the T3 treatment performing the best”
e4“However, the different organic–inorganic combinations did not cause significant differences in soil aggregate structure or stability”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilizer application reduced the proportion of 0.053–0.25 mm soil aggregates.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- Nitrogen fertilizer applicatione5
- Outcome
- proportion of 0.053–0.25 mm aggregatese5
- Direction
- reducede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The results revealed that the combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers significantly increased rice yields and nitrogen use efficiency, with the T3 treatment performing the best”
e5“Nitrogen fertilizer application reduced the proportion of 0.053–0.25 mm aggregates and promoted the formation of predominantly 0.25–2 mm aggregates”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilizer application promoted the formation of predominantly 0.25–2 mm soil aggregates.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- Nitrogen fertilizer applicatione5
- Outcome
- formation of predominantly 0.25–2 mm aggregatese5
- Direction
- promotede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The results revealed that the combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers significantly increased rice yields and nitrogen use efficiency, with the T3 treatment performing the best”
e5“Nitrogen fertilizer application reduced the proportion of 0.053–0.25 mm aggregates and promoted the formation of predominantly 0.25–2 mm aggregates”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined organic and inorganic fertilizer application increased soil organic matter content compared with CK.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- application of both organic and inorganic fertilizerse6
- Outcome
- soil organic matter contente6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Comparator
- CK treatmente6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The results revealed that the combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers significantly increased rice yields and nitrogen use efficiency, with the T3 treatment performing the best”
e6“Compared with the CK treatment, the application of both organic and inorganic fertilizers increased soil organic matter content, decreased N2O emissions, and increased soil catalase activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined organic and inorganic fertilizer application decreased N2O emissions compared with CK.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- application of both organic and inorganic fertilizerse6
- Outcome
- N2O emissionse6
- Direction
- decreasede6
- Comparator
- CK treatmente6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The results revealed that the combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers significantly increased rice yields and nitrogen use efficiency, with the T3 treatment performing the best”
e6“Compared with the CK treatment, the application of both organic and inorganic fertilizers increased soil organic matter content, decreased N2O emissions, and increased soil catalase activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined organic and inorganic fertilizer application increased soil catalase activity compared with CK.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- application of both organic and inorganic fertilizerse6
- Outcome
- soil catalase activitye6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Comparator
- CK treatmente6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The results revealed that the combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers significantly increased rice yields and nitrogen use efficiency, with the T3 treatment performing the best”
e6“Compared with the CK treatment, the application of both organic and inorganic fertilizers increased soil organic matter content, decreased N2O emissions, and increased soil catalase activity”
Claim · model-written summary
The 50% organic N and 50% chemical N combination with conventional PK fertilizer (T3) is the optimal combination for high and stable rice yields.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae7
- Treatment
- the application of 50% organic N and 50% chemical N fertilizers with conventional PK fertilizer (T3)e7
- Outcome
- the optimal combinatione7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“the application of 50% organic N and 50% chemical N fertilizers with conventional PK fertilizer (T3) was determined to be the optimal combination for achieving high and stable rice yields”
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