Abstract
Chromium (Cr) contamination constrains the safe use of agricultural soils, and phytoextraction is often limited by low Cr phytoavailability and poor plant growth. Pig manure (PM) and Penicillium inoculum (PC) may improve rhizosphere conditions, but their combined effects remain unclear. Rhizosphere properties, plant growth, and Cr accumulation of Festuca arundinacea were evaluated in an alkaline tidal soil (soil A) and an acidic loam soil (soil B) under different Cr levels following the application of PM and PC alone or in combination.PM and PC increased organic matter (OM), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), plant biomass, and total Cr accumulation, with co-application showing the most consistent response. Rhizosphere pH, Cr bioavailability, and Cr fraction distribution changed in a soil-dependent manner. In soil A, co-application increased shoot and root total Cr accumulation by 52.70%–95.49% and 60.75%–115.35%, respectively. PM and PC also reduced Cr(VI) by 11.46%–40.84% and shifted Cr toward more labile forms. Pearson correlation analysis indicated close associations among plant Cr concentrations, rhizosphere properties, and Cr fractions.PM and PC improved the phytoremediation performance of F. arundinacea in a soil-dependent manner, with co-application showing the greatest potential. Future studies should verify these effects under field conditions.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Pig manure and Penicillium increased soil organic matter, microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen.
- Taxon
- Festuca arundinacea
Lolium arundinaceumt0 - Treatment
- PM and PCe0
- Interactor
- Penicillium
Penicilliumt0symbiont - Outcome
- organic matter (OM), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PM and PC increased organic matter (OM), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN)”
t0“Penicillium enhance chromium uptake by Festuca arundinacea”
Claim · model-written summary
Pig manure and Penicillium increased plant biomass and total chromium accumulation.
- Taxon
- Festuca arundinaceaLolium arundinaceumt0
- Treatment
- PM and PCe0
- Interactor
- PenicilliumPenicilliumt0symbiont
- Outcome
- plant biomass, and total Cr accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PM and PC increased organic matter (OM), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), plant biomass, and total Cr accumulation”
t0“Penicillium enhance chromium uptake by Festuca arundinacea”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizosphere pH, chromium bioavailability and fraction distribution changed by soil.
- Taxon
- Festuca arundinaceaLolium arundinaceumt0
- Outcome
- Rhizosphere pH, Cr bioavailability, and Cr fraction distributione0
- Direction
- changede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rhizosphere pH, Cr bioavailability, and Cr fraction distribution changed in a soil-dependent manner”
t0“Festuca arundinacea”
Claim · model-written summary
Coapplication increased shoot total chromium accumulation in soil A by 52.70%–95.49%.
- Taxon
- Festuca arundinaceaLolium arundinaceumt0
- Treatment
- co-applicatione0
- Outcome
- shoot and root total Cr accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 52.70%–95.49%e0
- Setting
- soil Ae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In soil A, co-application increased shoot and root total Cr accumulation by 52.70%–95.49% and 60.75%–115.35%, respectively”
t0“Festuca arundinacea”
Claim · model-written summary
Coapplication increased root total chromium accumulation in soil A by 60.75%–115.35%.
- Taxon
- Festuca arundinaceaLolium arundinaceumt0
- Treatment
- co-applicatione0
- Outcome
- root total Cr accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 60.75%–115.35%e0
- Setting
- soil Ae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In soil A, co-application increased shoot and root total Cr accumulation by 52.70%–95.49% and 60.75%–115.35%, respectively”
t0“Festuca arundinacea”
Claim · model-written summary
Pig manure and Penicillium reduced Cr(VI) by 11.46%–40.84%.
- Taxon
- Festuca arundinaceaLolium arundinaceumt0
- Treatment
- PM and PCe0
- Outcome
- Cr(VI)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 11.46%–40.84%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PM and PC also reduced Cr(VI) by 11.46%–40.84%”
t0“Festuca arundinacea”
Claim · model-written summary
Pig manure and Penicillium shifted chromium toward more labile forms.
- Taxon
- Festuca arundinaceaLolium arundinaceumt0
- Treatment
- PM and PCe0
- Outcome
- Cre0
- Direction
- shiftede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PM and PC also reduced Cr(VI) by 11.46%–40.84% and shifted Cr toward more labile forms”
t0“Festuca arundinacea”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant chromium concentrations correlated with rhizosphere properties and chromium fractions.
- Taxon
- Festuca arundinaceaLolium arundinaceumt0
- Outcome
- plant Cr concentrationse0
- Setting
- rhizosphere propertiese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pearson correlation analysis indicated close associations among plant Cr concentrations, rhizosphere properties, and Cr fractions”
t0“Festuca arundinacea”
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