Linum usitatissimum 14,808 claims

species · family Linaceae · green plant · NCBI Taxonomy ↗

Common name: flax — Also written in claims: flax · Linseed · Flax Seed · flax varieties · flax plants · flax seeds

Listed here with its subspecies, varieties and cultivar groups: Linum usitatissimum var. crepitans (1 claim)

183 spellings

Questions studied on this organism370 questions12 with results that differ742 papers

Linum usitatissimumH. Zell · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

14,808 claims

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Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Aerated roots developed fewer, shorter lived hairs than controls.

Taxon: Helianthus annuus, Triticum vulgare, Glycine soja, Linum usitatissimum and cuttings of Vitis vulpinaGlycine sojaLinum usitatissimumHelianthus annuusTriticum aestivumVitis vulpinae0
Treatment: aeratede1
Outcome: hairse1
Direction: Fewere1
Comparator: controle1

Verbatim

e0
“Helianthus annuus, Triticum vulgare, Glycine soja, Linum usitatissimum and cuttings of Vitis vulpina were grown in sand and in loam.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 233–365

e1
“Fewer hairs developed and these in turn were not as long-lived in aerated plants as in the controls due to the more rapid elongation of the aerated roots.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1003–1157

Title

Soil Aeration as a Factor in Growth and Root Development of Plants.

W. F. Loehwing Experimental Biology and Medicine 1931. doi:10.3181/00379727-28-5574

Other claims from this paper (11)

Observation Soil aeration effects differed between loam and sandy soil.
Observation Aeration produced structural differences in tops and especially root systems.
Observation Roots in aerated soils were more fibrous, numerous, longer and more branched.
Intervention effect Aerated roots had at least twice the surface area of controls.
Intervention effect Aerated roots had a smaller root hair zone than controls.
Intervention effect Vascular elements above the root hair zone were less developed in aerated roots.
Intervention effect Aeration accelerated early shoot growth.
Intervention effect Aeration increased basal internode length but not number.
Observation Internode size near the tips showed little or no difference.
Observation Control plants continued elongation after aerated plants began flowering.
Observation Later control elongation tended to reduce mature plant size differences.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Vascular elements above the root hair zone were less developed in aerated roots.

Taxon: Helianthus annuus, Triticum vulgare, Glycine soja, Linum usitatissimum and cuttings of Vitis vulpinaGlycine sojaLinum usitatissimumHelianthus annuusTriticum aestivumVitis vulpinae0
Treatment: aeratede1
Outcome: Vascular elementse1
Direction: less developede1

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“Helianthus annuus, Triticum vulgare, Glycine soja, Linum usitatissimum and cuttings of Vitis vulpina were grown in sand and in loam.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 233–365

e1
“Vascular elements a few inches above the root hair zone were less developed in aerated roots.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1158–1251

Title

Soil Aeration as a Factor in Growth and Root Development of Plants.

W. F. Loehwing Experimental Biology and Medicine 1931. doi:10.3181/00379727-28-5574

Other claims from this paper (11)

Observation Soil aeration effects differed between loam and sandy soil.
Observation Aeration produced structural differences in tops and especially root systems.
Observation Roots in aerated soils were more fibrous, numerous, longer and more branched.
Intervention effect Aerated roots had at least twice the surface area of controls.
Intervention effect Aerated roots had a smaller root hair zone than controls.
Intervention effect Aerated roots developed fewer, shorter lived hairs than controls.
Intervention effect Aeration accelerated early shoot growth.
Intervention effect Aeration increased basal internode length but not number.
Observation Internode size near the tips showed little or no difference.
Observation Control plants continued elongation after aerated plants began flowering.
Observation Later control elongation tended to reduce mature plant size differences.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Aeration accelerated early shoot growth.

Taxon: Helianthus annuus, Triticum vulgare, Glycine soja, Linum usitatissimum and cuttings of Vitis vulpinaGlycine sojaLinum usitatissimumHelianthus annuusTriticum aestivumVitis vulpinae0
Outcome: growthe1
Direction: acceleratione1

Not reportedTreatmentComparator

Verbatim

e0
“Helianthus annuus, Triticum vulgare, Glycine soja, Linum usitatissimum and cuttings of Vitis vulpina were grown in sand and in loam.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 233–365

e1
“The striking effect of aeration on tops was acceleration of growth in early stages, attributable to increased length of basal internodes rather than to an increase in the number.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1252–1430

Title

Soil Aeration as a Factor in Growth and Root Development of Plants.

W. F. Loehwing Experimental Biology and Medicine 1931. doi:10.3181/00379727-28-5574

Other claims from this paper (11)

Observation Soil aeration effects differed between loam and sandy soil.
Observation Aeration produced structural differences in tops and especially root systems.
Observation Roots in aerated soils were more fibrous, numerous, longer and more branched.
Intervention effect Aerated roots had at least twice the surface area of controls.
Intervention effect Aerated roots had a smaller root hair zone than controls.
Intervention effect Aerated roots developed fewer, shorter lived hairs than controls.
Intervention effect Vascular elements above the root hair zone were less developed in aerated roots.
Intervention effect Aeration increased basal internode length but not number.
Observation Internode size near the tips showed little or no difference.
Observation Control plants continued elongation after aerated plants began flowering.
Observation Later control elongation tended to reduce mature plant size differences.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Aeration increased basal internode length but not number.

Taxon: Helianthus annuus, Triticum vulgare, Glycine soja, Linum usitatissimum and cuttings of Vitis vulpinaGlycine sojaLinum usitatissimumHelianthus annuusTriticum aestivumVitis vulpinae0
Outcome: length of basal internodese1
Direction: increasede1

Not reportedTreatmentComparator

Verbatim

e0
“Helianthus annuus, Triticum vulgare, Glycine soja, Linum usitatissimum and cuttings of Vitis vulpina were grown in sand and in loam.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 233–365

e1
“The striking effect of aeration on tops was acceleration of growth in early stages, attributable to increased length of basal internodes rather than to an increase in the number.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1252–1430

Title

Soil Aeration as a Factor in Growth and Root Development of Plants.

W. F. Loehwing Experimental Biology and Medicine 1931. doi:10.3181/00379727-28-5574

Other claims from this paper (11)

Observation Soil aeration effects differed between loam and sandy soil.
Observation Aeration produced structural differences in tops and especially root systems.
Observation Roots in aerated soils were more fibrous, numerous, longer and more branched.
Intervention effect Aerated roots had at least twice the surface area of controls.
Intervention effect Aerated roots had a smaller root hair zone than controls.
Intervention effect Aerated roots developed fewer, shorter lived hairs than controls.
Intervention effect Vascular elements above the root hair zone were less developed in aerated roots.
Intervention effect Aeration accelerated early shoot growth.
Observation Internode size near the tips showed little or no difference.
Observation Control plants continued elongation after aerated plants began flowering.
Observation Later control elongation tended to reduce mature plant size differences.

Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Internode size near the tips showed little or no difference.

Taxon: Helianthus annuus, Triticum vulgare, Glycine soja, Linum usitatissimum and cuttings of Vitis vulpinaGlycine sojaLinum usitatissimumHelianthus annuusTriticum aestivumVitis vulpinae0
Outcome: size of internodese1
Direction: little or no differencee1

Not reportedTreatment

Verbatim

e0
“Helianthus annuus, Triticum vulgare, Glycine soja, Linum usitatissimum and cuttings of Vitis vulpina were grown in sand and in loam.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 233–365

e1
“Contrast in internodal distance diminished noticeably, however, above the median nodes and there was little or no difference in size of internodes near the tips.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1431–1592

Title

Soil Aeration as a Factor in Growth and Root Development of Plants.

W. F. Loehwing Experimental Biology and Medicine 1931. doi:10.3181/00379727-28-5574

Other claims from this paper (11)

Observation Soil aeration effects differed between loam and sandy soil.
Observation Aeration produced structural differences in tops and especially root systems.
Observation Roots in aerated soils were more fibrous, numerous, longer and more branched.
Intervention effect Aerated roots had at least twice the surface area of controls.
Intervention effect Aerated roots had a smaller root hair zone than controls.
Intervention effect Aerated roots developed fewer, shorter lived hairs than controls.
Intervention effect Vascular elements above the root hair zone were less developed in aerated roots.
Intervention effect Aeration accelerated early shoot growth.
Intervention effect Aeration increased basal internode length but not number.
Observation Control plants continued elongation after aerated plants began flowering.
Observation Later control elongation tended to reduce mature plant size differences.

Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Control plants continued elongation after aerated plants began flowering.

Taxon: Helianthus annuus, Triticum vulgare, Glycine soja, Linum usitatissimum and cuttings of Vitis vulpinaGlycine sojaLinum usitatissimumHelianthus annuusTriticum aestivumVitis vulpinae0
Treatment: aeratede1
Outcome: Elongation continuede1
Direction: continuede1
Comparator: controlse1

Verbatim

e0
“Helianthus annuus, Triticum vulgare, Glycine soja, Linum usitatissimum and cuttings of Vitis vulpina were grown in sand and in loam.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 233–365

e1
“Elongation continued in controls after aerated plants had started to flower.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1593–1669

Title

Soil Aeration as a Factor in Growth and Root Development of Plants.

W. F. Loehwing Experimental Biology and Medicine 1931. doi:10.3181/00379727-28-5574

Other claims from this paper (11)

Observation Soil aeration effects differed between loam and sandy soil.
Observation Aeration produced structural differences in tops and especially root systems.
Observation Roots in aerated soils were more fibrous, numerous, longer and more branched.
Intervention effect Aerated roots had at least twice the surface area of controls.
Intervention effect Aerated roots had a smaller root hair zone than controls.
Intervention effect Aerated roots developed fewer, shorter lived hairs than controls.
Intervention effect Vascular elements above the root hair zone were less developed in aerated roots.
Intervention effect Aeration accelerated early shoot growth.
Intervention effect Aeration increased basal internode length but not number.
Observation Internode size near the tips showed little or no difference.
Observation Later control elongation tended to reduce mature plant size differences.

Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Later control elongation tended to reduce mature plant size differences.

Taxon: Helianthus annuus, Triticum vulgare, Glycine soja, Linum usitatissimum and cuttings of Vitis vulpinaGlycine sojaLinum usitatissimumHelianthus annuusTriticum aestivumVitis vulpinae0
Outcome: size differencese1
Direction: reducee1
Qualifier: mature plantse1

Not reportedTreatment

Verbatim

e0
“Helianthus annuus, Triticum vulgare, Glycine soja, Linum usitatissimum and cuttings of Vitis vulpina were grown in sand and in loam.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 233–365

e1
“This response tended to reduce size differences when mature plants of both groups were compared.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1670–1766

Title

Soil Aeration as a Factor in Growth and Root Development of Plants.

W. F. Loehwing Experimental Biology and Medicine 1931. doi:10.3181/00379727-28-5574

Other claims from this paper (11)

Observation Soil aeration effects differed between loam and sandy soil.
Observation Aeration produced structural differences in tops and especially root systems.
Observation Roots in aerated soils were more fibrous, numerous, longer and more branched.
Intervention effect Aerated roots had at least twice the surface area of controls.
Intervention effect Aerated roots had a smaller root hair zone than controls.
Intervention effect Aerated roots developed fewer, shorter lived hairs than controls.
Intervention effect Vascular elements above the root hair zone were less developed in aerated roots.
Intervention effect Aeration accelerated early shoot growth.
Intervention effect Aeration increased basal internode length but not number.
Observation Internode size near the tips showed little or no difference.
Observation Control plants continued elongation after aerated plants began flowering.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Liquid-air treatment caused double stems and hypocotyls in a large proportion of some flax strains, versus none untreated.

Taxon: flaxLinum usitatissimume0
Material: certain strainse0
Treatment: treated with liquid aire0
Outcome: double stems and hypocotylse0
Comparator: untreated seedse0

Not reportedDirection

Verbatim

e0
“When flax seeds of certain strains are treated with liquid air, a large proportion of the plants form double stems and hypocotyls; none of the plants from untreated seeds do this”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 256–434

Title

Some Effects of Low Temperatures on Seeds

W. F. Busse; C. R. Burnham Botanical Gazette 1930. doi:10.1086/334112

Other claims from this paper (8)

Intervention effect Freezing cotton seeds in liquid air damaged cotyledons and prevented complete emergence.
Intervention effect Liquid-air treatment did not appear to injure secondary or true leaves of cotton.
Observation Other flax strains rarely formed double stems or hypocotyls after liquid-air cooling.
Association The interval between freezing and planting had little effect on abnormality formation.
Intervention effect Higher seed moisture before freezing reduced abnormal stems and hypocotyls.
Intervention effect Freezing in CO2 snow-ether produced abnormalities more effectively than liquid air.
Intervention effect Seeds at about 10-15 per cent moisture showed no abnormalities after CO2-snow freezing.
Observation Breeding tests found that freezing-induced abnormalities were not inherited.

Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Other flax strains rarely formed double stems or hypocotyls after liquid-air cooling.

Taxon: flaxLinum usitatissimume1
Material: Other strainse0
Treatment: cooled in liquid aire0
Outcome: rarely if ever produce plants with double stems or hypocotylse0

Verbatim

e0
“Other strains rarely if ever produce plants with double stems or hypocotyls when the seeds are cooled in liquid air”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 436–551

e1
“flax seeds”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 261–271

Title

Some Effects of Low Temperatures on Seeds

W. F. Busse; C. R. Burnham Botanical Gazette 1930. doi:10.1086/334112

Other claims from this paper (8)

Intervention effect Freezing cotton seeds in liquid air damaged cotyledons and prevented complete emergence.
Intervention effect Liquid-air treatment did not appear to injure secondary or true leaves of cotton.
Intervention effect Liquid-air treatment caused double stems and hypocotyls in a large proportion of some flax strains, versus none untreated.
Association The interval between freezing and planting had little effect on abnormality formation.
Intervention effect Higher seed moisture before freezing reduced abnormal stems and hypocotyls.
Intervention effect Freezing in CO2 snow-ether produced abnormalities more effectively than liquid air.
Intervention effect Seeds at about 10-15 per cent moisture showed no abnormalities after CO2-snow freezing.
Observation Breeding tests found that freezing-induced abnormalities were not inherited.

Associationobservedoriginal resultno effectmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The interval between freezing and planting had little effect on abnormality formation.

Taxon: flaxLinum usitatissimume1
Treatment: time between freezing the seeds and planting theme0
Outcome: formation of abnormalitiese0
Direction: little effecte0

Verbatim

e0
“The time between freezing the seeds and planting them has little effect on the formation of abnormalities”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 556–661

e1
“flax seeds”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 261–271

Title

Some Effects of Low Temperatures on Seeds

W. F. Busse; C. R. Burnham Botanical Gazette 1930. doi:10.1086/334112

Other claims from this paper (8)

Intervention effect Freezing cotton seeds in liquid air damaged cotyledons and prevented complete emergence.
Intervention effect Liquid-air treatment did not appear to injure secondary or true leaves of cotton.
Intervention effect Liquid-air treatment caused double stems and hypocotyls in a large proportion of some flax strains, versus none untreated.
Observation Other flax strains rarely formed double stems or hypocotyls after liquid-air cooling.
Intervention effect Higher seed moisture before freezing reduced abnormal stems and hypocotyls.
Intervention effect Freezing in CO2 snow-ether produced abnormalities more effectively than liquid air.
Intervention effect Seeds at about 10-15 per cent moisture showed no abnormalities after CO2-snow freezing.
Observation Breeding tests found that freezing-induced abnormalities were not inherited.