Abstract
Fusarium Head Blight caused by phytopathogenic Fusarium spp. with Fusarium graminearum as main causal agent is a major disease of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.). Mycotoxins in wheat are dominated by trichothecenes B. Fumonisins have only occasionally been reported from wheat; their occurrence was attributed to Fusarium proliferatum and Fusarium verticillioides. We investigated kernels of durum wheat grown in Italy in 2008 - 2010 for colonization with Fusarium spp. and for the content of Fusarium mycotoxins. Fungal biomass was determined using species-specific qPCR and mycotoxins were quantified by HPLC-MS/MS. Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum were dominating Fusarium species, followed by Fusarium poae, Fusarium tricinctum, and Fusarium proliferatum. No Fusarium verticillioides DNA was found. Toxicologically relevant levels of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol but no trichothecenes A were detected. Enniatins, fumonisin B1 and beauvericin were present in grain in all three years. Based on these results and on the evaluation of previous published reports, we hypothesize that low levels of fumonisins commonly occur in wheat grains produced in warm climate; they may remain undetected as long as mycotoxin monitoring programs for wheat do not include fumonisins. The only relevant source of fumonisins in wheat grain appears to be Fusarium proliferatum.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum dominated the Fusarium community in durum wheat kernels.
- Taxon
- durum wheat
Triticum turgidum subsp. durume1 - Interactor
- Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum
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Fusarium culmorum_on_Corn_(Zea_mays)_at_Waimea%2C_Hawaii.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium graminearume0pathogen - Outcome
- dominating Fusarium speciese0
- Setting
- Italye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
_on_Corn_(Zea_mays)_at_Waimea%2C_Hawaii.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum were dominating Fusarium species, followed by Fusarium poae, Fusarium tricinctum, and Fusarium proliferatum”
e1“kernels of durum wheat grown in Italy in 2008 - 2010”
Claim · model-written summary
Fusarium poae, F. tricinctum and F. proliferatum followed the dominant Fusarium species in wheat kernels.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume1
- Outcome
- Fusarium poae, Fusarium tricinctum, and Fusarium proliferatume0
- Setting
- Italye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“followed by Fusarium poae, Fusarium tricinctum, and Fusarium proliferatum”
e1“kernels of durum wheat grown in Italy in 2008 - 2010”
Claim · model-written summary
Fusarium verticillioides DNA was not detected in durum wheat kernels.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume1
- Outcome
- Fusarium verticillioides DNAe0
- Direction
- Noe0
- Setting
- Italye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No Fusarium verticillioides DNA was found”
e1“kernels of durum wheat grown in Italy in 2008 - 2010”
Claim · model-written summary
Toxicologically relevant deoxynivalenol and nivalenol levels were detected in durum wheat grain.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume1
- Outcome
- deoxynivalenol and nivalenole0
- Qualifier
- Toxicologically relevant levelse0
- Setting
- Italye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Toxicologically relevant levels of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol but no trichothecenes A were detected”
e1“kernels of durum wheat grown in Italy in 2008 - 2010”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichothecenes A were not detected in durum wheat grain.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume1
- Outcome
- trichothecenes Ae0
- Direction
- noe0
- Setting
- Italye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no trichothecenes A were detected”
e1“kernels of durum wheat grown in Italy in 2008 - 2010”
Claim · model-written summary
Enniatins, fumonisin B1 and beauvericin occurred in durum wheat grain in all three study years.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume1
- Outcome
- Enniatins, fumonisin B1 and beauvericine0
- Qualifier
- all three yearse0
- Setting
- Italye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Enniatins, fumonisin B1 and beauvericin were present in grain in all three years”
e1“kernels of durum wheat grown in Italy in 2008 - 2010”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors hypothesize that low fumonisin levels commonly occur in warm-climate wheat grain.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Outcome
- fumonisinse0
- Qualifier
- warm climatee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we hypothesize that low levels of fumonisins commonly occur in wheat grains produced in warm climate”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer Fusarium proliferatum is the only relevant fumonisin source in wheat grain.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Interactor
- Fusarium proliferatumFusarium proliferatume0pathogen
- Outcome
- fumonisinse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The only relevant source of fumonisins in wheat grain appears to be Fusarium proliferatum”