Abstract
Abstract Rice (Oryza sariva)-wheat (Triticum aestivum) rotation is the major production system in the Indo-Gangetic plains of South Asia and mid hills and is important for the food security of the region. The productivity and profitability of the rice-wheat system are very low mainly because of inappropriate nutrient input and poor crop management practices. Field experiments were conducted in 21 farmers' fields in Bara and Parsa districts in the Eastern-Gangetic plains of Nepal from May 1999 to April 2002 to evaluate site-specific nutrient management (SSNM) and integrated crop management (ICM) for improving rice-wheat productivity and profitability. Soil nutrient-supplying capacity (based on omission plot method) varied largely among farmers' fields. Rice soil had a higher N, P, and K-supplying capacity (35–76, 8–17, and 63–98 kg ha1, compared with wheat (16–41, 6–12, and 20–104 kg ha1, respectively). Both SSNM and ICM strategies significantly improved the grain yields of rice and wheat. Overall yield increment by ICM over farmers' practice (FP) reached up to 2.3 Mg ha1 (66%) in rice and 2.3 Mg ha1 (87%) in wheat, suggesting that there is a large potential for increasing rice and wheat yields in Nepal. Yield gap 1 (maximum attainable yieldaverage yield in ICM) was 1.3 to 1.4 Mg ha1 for rice and 0.3 to 1.0 Mg ha1 for wheat. While yield gap 2 (maximum attainable yieldaverage yield in FP) ranged from 2.8 to 3.5 Mg ha-1 for rice and 2.3 to 2.8 Mg ha-1 for wheat. Rice N-use efficiencies increased up to 50% and 70% with SSNM and ICM, respectively, over FP. In wheat, N-use efficiency increased up to 46% by ICM over SSNM. The net profit gained by applying ICM over FP was higher in wheat (US$ 217) than in rice (US$ 73). The findings suggest the urgent need to develop an effective program for wider dissemination of ICM technology in the Eastern-Gangetic plains.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Rice soil had higher N, P and K supplying capacity than wheat soil.
- Outcome
- N, P, and K-supplying capacitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 35–76, 8–17, and 63–98 kg ha1e0
- Qualifier
- 16–41, 6–12, and 20–104 kg ha1e0
- Comparator
- wheate0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Rice soil had a higher N, P, and K-supplying capacity (35–76, 8–17, and 63–98 kg ha1, compared with wheat (16–41, 6–12, and 20–104 kg ha1, respectively).”
Claim · model-written summary
Site-specific nutrient management significantly improved rice grain yield.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- SSNMe0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both SSNM and ICM strategies significantly improved the grain yields of rice and wheat.”
Claim · model-written summary
Integrated crop management significantly improved rice grain yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- ICMe0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both SSNM and ICM strategies significantly improved the grain yields of rice and wheat.”
Claim · model-written summary
Site-specific nutrient management significantly improved wheat grain yield.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- SSNMe0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both SSNM and ICM strategies significantly improved the grain yields of rice and wheat.”
Claim · model-written summary
Integrated crop management significantly improved wheat grain yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- ICMe0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both SSNM and ICM strategies significantly improved the grain yields of rice and wheat.”
Claim · model-written summary
ICM raised rice yield by up to 2.3 Mg ha1 (66%) over farmers’ practice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- ICMe0
- Outcome
- yield incremente0
- Direction
- incremente0
- Value
- 2.3 Mg ha1 (66%)e0
- Comparator
- farmers' practice (FP)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Overall yield increment by ICM over farmers' practice (FP) reached up to 2.3 Mg ha1 (66%) in rice and 2.3 Mg ha1 (87%) in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
ICM raised wheat yield by up to 2.3 Mg ha1 (87%) over farmers’ practice.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- ICMe0
- Outcome
- yield incremente0
- Direction
- incremente0
- Value
- 2.3 Mg ha1 (87%)e0
- Comparator
- farmers' practice (FP)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Overall yield increment by ICM over farmers' practice (FP) reached up to 2.3 Mg ha1 (66%) in rice and 2.3 Mg ha1 (87%) in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice yield gap 1 was 1.3 to 1.4 Mg ha1.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- Yield gap 1e0
- Value
- 1.3 to 1.4 Mg ha1e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yield gap 1 (maximum attainable yieldaverage yield in ICM) was 1.3 to 1.4 Mg ha1 for rice and 0.3 to 1.0 Mg ha1 for wheat.”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat yield gap 1 was 0.3 to 1.0 Mg ha1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- Yield gap 1e0
- Value
- 0.3 to 1.0 Mg ha1e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yield gap 1 (maximum attainable yieldaverage yield in ICM) was 1.3 to 1.4 Mg ha1 for rice and 0.3 to 1.0 Mg ha1 for wheat.”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice yield gap 2 ranged from 2.8 to 3.5 Mg ha-1.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- yield gap 2e0
- Value
- 2.8 to 3.5 Mg ha-1e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“While yield gap 2 (maximum attainable yieldaverage yield in FP) ranged from 2.8 to 3.5 Mg ha-1 for rice and 2.3 to 2.8 Mg ha-1 for wheat.”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat yield gap 2 ranged from 2.3 to 2.8 Mg ha-1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- yield gap 2e0
- Value
- 2.3 to 2.8 Mg ha-1e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“While yield gap 2 (maximum attainable yieldaverage yield in FP) ranged from 2.8 to 3.5 Mg ha-1 for rice and 2.3 to 2.8 Mg ha-1 for wheat.”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice N-use efficiency increased up to 50% with SSNM over farmers’ practice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- SSNMe0
- Outcome
- N-use efficienciese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 50%e0
- Comparator
- FPe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice N-use efficiencies increased up to 50% and 70% with SSNM and ICM, respectively, over FP.”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice N-use efficiency increased up to 70% with ICM over farmers’ practice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- ICMe0
- Outcome
- N-use efficienciese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 70%e0
- Comparator
- FPe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice N-use efficiencies increased up to 50% and 70% with SSNM and ICM, respectively, over FP.”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat N-use efficiency increased up to 46% under ICM compared with SSNM.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- ICMe0
- Outcome
- N-use efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 46%e0
- Comparator
- SSNMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In wheat, N-use efficiency increased up to 46% by ICM over SSNM.”
Claim · model-written summary
ICM gave wheat a US$ 217 higher net profit than farmers’ practice.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- ICMe0
- Outcome
- net profite0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- US$ 217e0
- Comparator
- FPe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The net profit gained by applying ICM over FP was higher in wheat (US$ 217) than in rice (US$ 73).”
Claim · model-written summary
ICM gave rice a US$ 73 higher net profit than farmers’ practice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- ICMe0
- Outcome
- net profite0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- US$ 73e0
- Comparator
- FPe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The net profit gained by applying ICM over FP was higher in wheat (US$ 217) than in rice (US$ 73).”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors call for wider dissemination of ICM technology in the Eastern-Gangetic plains.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- wider dissemination of ICM technologye0
- Setting
- Eastern-Gangetic plainse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The findings suggest the urgent need to develop an effective program for wider dissemination of ICM technology in the Eastern-Gangetic plains.”
t0“Rice-Wheat System”
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