Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) plays a central role in plant disease resistance, and emerging evidence indicates that auxin, an essential plant hormone in regulating plant growth and development, is involved in plant disease susceptibility. GH3.5, a member of the GH3 family of early auxin-responsive genes in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), encodes a protein possessing in vitro adenylation activity on both indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and SA. Here, we show that GH3.5 acts as a bifunctional modulator in both SA and auxin signaling during pathogen infection. Overexpression of the GH3.5 gene in an activation-tagged mutant gh3.5-1D led to elevated accumulation of SA and increased expression of PR-1 in local and systemic tissues in response to avirulent pathogens. In contrast, two T-DNA insertional mutations of GH3.5 partially compromised the systemic acquired resistance associated with diminished PR-1 expression in systemic tissues. The gh3.5-1D mutant also accumulated high levels of free IAA after pathogen infection and impaired different resistance-gene-mediated resistance, which was also observed in the GH3.6 activation-tagged mutant dfl1-D that impacted the auxin pathway, indicating an important role of GH3.5/GH3.6 in disease susceptibility. Furthermore, microarray analysis showed that the SA and auxin pathways were simultaneously augmented in gh3.5-1D after infection with an avirulent pathogen. The SA pathway was amplified by GH3.5 through inducing SA-responsive genes and basal defense components, whereas the auxin pathway was derepressed through up-regulating IAA biosynthesis and down-regulating auxin repressor genes. Taken together, our data reveal novel regulatory functions of GH3.5 in the plant-pathogen interaction.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
GH3.5 protein showed in vitro adenylation activity on IAA and SA.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianae0 - Gene
- GH3.5e0
- Compound
- indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and SAe0
- Outcome
- in vitro adenylation activitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GH3.5, a member of the GH3 family of early auxin-responsive genes in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), encodes a protein possessing in vitro adenylation activity on both indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and SA”
Claim · model-written summary
GH3.5 overexpression raised SA accumulation after avirulent pathogen challenge.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Material
- gh3.5-1De0
- Treatment
- Overexpression of the GH3.5 genee0
- Gene
- GH3.5e0
- Outcome
- accumulation of SAe0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Overexpression of the GH3.5 gene in an activation-tagged mutant gh3.5-1D led to elevated accumulation of SA and increased expression of PR-1 in local and systemic tissues in response to avirulent pathogens”
e1“Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)”
Claim · model-written summary
GH3.5 overexpression increased PR-1 expression locally and systemically after avirulent pathogen challenge.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Material
- gh3.5-1De0
- Organ / stage
- local and systemic tissuese0
- Treatment
- Overexpression of the GH3.5 genee0
- Gene
- GH3.5e0
- Outcome
- expression of PR-1e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Overexpression of the GH3.5 gene in an activation-tagged mutant gh3.5-1D led to elevated accumulation of SA and increased expression of PR-1 in local and systemic tissues in response to avirulent pathogens”
e1“Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)”
Claim · model-written summary
GH3.5 insertion mutations partially compromised systemic acquired resistance.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Treatment
- two T-DNA insertional mutations of GH3.5e0
- Gene
- GH3.5e0
- Outcome
- systemic acquired resistancee0
- Direction
- partially compromisede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two T-DNA insertional mutations of GH3.5 partially compromised the systemic acquired resistance associated with diminished PR-1 expression in systemic tissues”
e1“Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)”
Claim · model-written summary
GH3.5 insertion mutations diminished systemic PR-1 expression.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Organ / stage
- systemic tissuese0
- Treatment
- two T-DNA insertional mutations of GH3.5e0
- Gene
- GH3.5e0
- Outcome
- PR-1 expressione0
- Direction
- diminishede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two T-DNA insertional mutations of GH3.5 partially compromised the systemic acquired resistance associated with diminished PR-1 expression in systemic tissues”
e1“Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)”
Claim · model-written summary
The gh3.5-1D mutant accumulated high free IAA after pathogen infection.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Material
- gh3.5-1De0
- Outcome
- free IAAe0
- Direction
- high levelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The gh3.5-1D mutant also accumulated high levels of free IAA after pathogen infection”
e1“Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)”
Claim · model-written summary
gh3.5-1D impaired resistance-gene-mediated resistance.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Material
- gh3.5-1De0
- Outcome
- resistance-gene-mediated resistancee0
- Direction
- impairede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“gh3.5-1D mutant also accumulated high levels of free IAA after pathogen infection and impaired different resistance-gene-mediated resistance”
e1“Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)”
Claim · model-written summary
The GH3.6 activation mutant dfl1-D also impaired resistance-gene-mediated resistance.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae2
- Material
- dfl1-De0
- Gene
- GH3.6e0
- Outcome
- resistance-gene-mediated resistancee1
- Direction
- impairede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which was also observed in the GH3.6 activation-tagged mutant dfl1-D that impacted the auxin pathway”
e1“impaired different resistance-gene-mediated resistance”
e2“Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)”
Claim · model-written summary
SA and auxin pathways were simultaneously augmented in infected gh3.5-1D.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Material
- gh3.5-1De0
- Outcome
- SA and auxin pathwayse0
- Direction
- augmentede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the SA and auxin pathways were simultaneously augmented in gh3.5-1D after infection with an avirulent pathogen”
e1“Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)”
Claim · model-written summary
GH3.5 amplified the SA pathway through induction of SA-responsive genes and basal defense components.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Gene
- GH3.5e0
- Outcome
- SA pathwaye0
- Direction
- amplifiede0
- Qualifier
- inducing SA-responsive genes and basal defense componentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The SA pathway was amplified by GH3.5 through inducing SA-responsive genes and basal defense components”
e1“Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)”
Claim · model-written summary
The auxin pathway was derepressed with increased IAA biosynthesis and reduced auxin repressor gene expression.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Outcome
- auxin pathwaye0
- Qualifier
- up-regulating IAA biosynthesis and down-regulating auxin repressor genese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the auxin pathway was derepressed through up-regulating IAA biosynthesis and down-regulating auxin repressor genes”
e1“Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)”
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