Abstract
Fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) is a major bacterial disease of pear. Secondary flowering (bloom) shoots in 'Bartlett' pear provide infection sites for fire blight. The authors have endeavoured to learn about the dynamics of secondary flowering throughout the growing season. In addition, they are identifying production practices that may aggravate as well as mitigate the production of secondary flowering shoots. An orchard was selected in Courtland, CA. USA with 'Bartlett' trees at least 100 years old and growing on 'Winter Nelis' rootstock. Multiple experiments were conducted from 1997 through 2000. The authors characterized and identified five different types of secondary flowering shoots produced under California, USA conditions. Types I and V appear to be most often associated with fire blight infection. Type I's appear10 to 40 days after full bloom. Type V's are associated with pruning cuts and are commonly found 15 to 55 days after full bloom. Plant growth regulators including gibberellins (GAs), ethephon, surfactants and the GA biosynthesis inhibitor, Apogee® (Prohexadione-calcium; BASF), have been used in an attempt to reduce the production of secondary flowering shoots. Apogee® applied at 250 mg.liter-1 near full bloom or shortly thereafter, reduced the production of Type I flowering shoots. GA applied in June or July reduced the production of Type V's in the following season. However, neither growth regulator eliminated the production of secondary flowering shoots. Summer and postharvest (~1 month after harvest) pruning reduced Type V flowering shoots compared with dormant pruning. Older shoots were more likely to produce Type V's than younger shoots. NAA applied in a 1.15% paint solution to the pruned shoot cut surface and first two nodes below the cut inhibited Type V development. We are attempting to integrate these findings and other procedures into a best management program designed to reduce secondary flowering shoots in 'Bartlett' pear, thereby reducing the incidence of fire blight.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Five types of secondary flowering shoots were identified in Bartlett pear.
- Taxon
- pear
_Poirier_Fleurs_et_feuilles.jpg?width=60)
Pyrus communise1 - Material
- 'Bartlett'e1
- Outcome
- five different types of secondary flowering shootse0
- Setting
- California, USAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Poirier_Fleurs_et_feuilles.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“identified five different types of secondary flowering shoots produced under California, USA conditions”
e1“Secondary flowering (bloom) shoots in 'Bartlett' pear”
Claim · model-written summary
Type I and V flowering shoots were most often associated with fire blight infection.
- Taxon
- pearPyrus communise1
- Material
- 'Bartlett'e1
- Organ / stage
- Types I and Ve0
- Interactor
- Erwinia amylovora
Erwinia amylovorae2pathogen - Outcome
- fire blight infectione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Types I and V appear to be most often associated with fire blight infection”
e1“Secondary flowering (bloom) shoots in 'Bartlett' pear”
e2“Fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) is a major bacterial disease of pear.”
Claim · model-written summary
Type I shoots appeared 10 to 40 days after full bloom.
- Taxon
- pearPyrus communise1
- Outcome
- Type I's appeare0
- Value
- 10 to 40 dayse0
- Qualifier
- after full bloome0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Type I's appear10 to 40 days after full bloom”
e1“Secondary flowering (bloom) shoots in 'Bartlett' pear”
Claim · model-written summary
Type V shoots were associated with pruning cuts and appeared 15 to 55 days after full bloom.
- Taxon
- pearPyrus communise1
- Outcome
- Type V's are associated with pruning cutse0
- Value
- 15 to 55 dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Type V's are associated with pruning cuts and are commonly found 15 to 55 days after full bloom”
e1“Secondary flowering (bloom) shoots in 'Bartlett' pear”
Claim · model-written summary
Apogee applied at 250 mg.liter-1 near full bloom reduced Type I flowering shoots.
- Taxon
- pearPyrus communise1
- Treatment
- Apogee® applied at 250 mg.liter-1 near full bloom or shortly thereaftere0
- Outcome
- production of Type I flowering shootse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Apogee® applied at 250 mg.liter-1 near full bloom or shortly thereafter, reduced the production of Type I flowering shoots”
e1“Secondary flowering (bloom) shoots in 'Bartlett' pear”
Claim · model-written summary
GA applied in June or July reduced Type V shoots in the following season.
- Taxon
- pearPyrus communise1
- Treatment
- GA applied in June or Julye0
- Outcome
- production of Type V'se0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- in the following seasone0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GA applied in June or July reduced the production of Type V's in the following season”
e1“Secondary flowering (bloom) shoots in 'Bartlett' pear”
Claim · model-written summary
Neither growth regulator eliminated secondary flowering shoots.
- Taxon
- pearPyrus communise1
- Outcome
- production of secondary flowering shootse0
- Direction
- neither growth regulator eliminatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“neither growth regulator eliminated the production of secondary flowering shoots”
e1“Secondary flowering (bloom) shoots in 'Bartlett' pear”
Claim · model-written summary
Summer pruning reduced Type V flowering shoots compared with dormant pruning.
- Taxon
- pearPyrus communise1
- Treatment
- Summere0
- Outcome
- Type V flowering shootse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- dormant pruninge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Summer and postharvest (~1 month after harvest) pruning reduced Type V flowering shoots compared with dormant pruning”
e1“Secondary flowering (bloom) shoots in 'Bartlett' pear”
Claim · model-written summary
Postharvest pruning reduced Type V flowering shoots compared with dormant pruning.
- Taxon
- pearPyrus communise1
- Treatment
- postharvest (~1 month after harvest) pruninge0
- Outcome
- Type V flowering shootse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- dormant pruninge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Summer and postharvest (~1 month after harvest) pruning reduced Type V flowering shoots compared with dormant pruning”
e1“Secondary flowering (bloom) shoots in 'Bartlett' pear”
Claim · model-written summary
Older shoots were more likely than younger shoots to produce Type V shoots.
- Taxon
- pearPyrus communise1
- Organ / stage
- Older shootse0
- Outcome
- produce Type V'se0
- Direction
- more likelye0
- Comparator
- younger shootse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Older shoots were more likely to produce Type V's than younger shoots”
e1“Secondary flowering (bloom) shoots in 'Bartlett' pear”
Claim · model-written summary
NAA on the pruned cut surface and two nodes below it inhibited Type V development.
- Taxon
- pearPyrus communise1
- Treatment
- NAA applied in a 1.15% paint solution to the pruned shoot cut surface and first two nodes below the cute0
- Outcome
- Type V developmente0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NAA applied in a 1.15% paint solution to the pruned shoot cut surface and first two nodes below the cut inhibited Type V development”
e1“Secondary flowering (bloom) shoots in 'Bartlett' pear”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.