Abstract
The characteristic of Podunavlje vinegrowing area in the far east of the Republic of Croatia is carbonate soil with loess as a parent substrate. Chlorosis is common on this soil and it is often caused by excess concentrations of calcium and magnesium and deficiency of iron and zinc. It can also be resulted by inactivation, if it is transformed so that a plant can not use it. The lack of iron in grape vine is resulted in leaf vein, first in younger leaves where the venation remains green, and then marginal necrosis and defoliation are developed. The results of the study include the data based on the field researches of Podunavlje vinegrowing subregion and exact research of fertilization field trial. Field research of Podunavlje vinegrowing subregion, vineyards of Srijem, Erdut and Baranya were conducted in July 2007. The field research consisted of locating plantations, measuring plantations chlorosis, determining their general condition and measuring total concentration of chloroplast pigments by an indirect method (chlorophyll meter) on the chlorotic and nonchlorotic plants of a grapevine. The intensity of a relative chlorosis was calculated from data measured by a chlorophyll meter. Field research was located on the production area of a company Agro-Ilok ltd. in Ilok, locality Radoš, and carried out during the period 2008 and 2009. It included cultivar Welsh Riesling, grapevine stock Kober 5BB, the most important white cultivar and grapevine stock in the vinegrowing region Continental Croatia. The experiment was set up according to a split plot method at 5x3 levels. The main factor A consisted of different chemical treatments in a basic fertilization: : A1 = 0 control without fertilization; A2 = 150 kg P2O5 + 300 K2O kg ha-1 (KCl); A3 = 150 kg P2O5 + 300 K2O kg ha-1 (K2SO4); A4 = 150 kg P2O5 + 300 K2O kg ha-1 (KCl) + 25 kg ha-1 Fe - FeSO4x7H2O; A5 = 150 kg P2O5 + 300 K2O kg ha-1 (K2SO4) + 25 kg ha-1 Fe - FeSO4x7H2O. Factor B had got three levels: B1 = without foliar treatment; B2 = two foliar treatments (once before and once after the flowering with 2.5 kg Fe ha-1); B3 = four foliar treatments (twice before and twice after the flowering with s 5.0 kg Fe ha-1). Potassium fertilization has significantly increased yield by P=0.01% in both years of the research considering the control treatment. Fertilization with different source of potassium with FeSO4x7H2O supplement in the main fertilization hasn’t affected the sugar content in must in any year. The fertilization treatments in the main fertilization like the foliar treatments, haven’t reached a significant effect on the total acidy of the must in any year. The percentage of phosphorus in leaf dry matter hasn’t changed as a result of different sources of potassium, iron supplement in soil or foliar treatment. The amount of potassium in leaf was increased by potassium fertilization, compared to the cases where this element hasn’t been used. The amount of iron in the leaf was increased by potassium chloride and sulphate with 25 kg ha-1 of iron in the main fertilization, or even without the iron. Foliar fertilization with iron had a significant effect on the increase of iron in leaves in both years, except for 2009 in the flowering stage. There were no visual symptoms of Fe-chlorosis on leaves in both growth stages in any of the research year. Manganese concentration hasn’t changed as a result of potassium fertilization with different sources, potassium and iron fertilization in the main fertilization or foliar treatment during the vegetation. Zinc amount in leaf dry matter hasn’t significantly changed due to fertilization of different sources of potassium or potassium with iron in the main fertilization. Foliar treatment has made even a smaller effect on the change of zinc in leaves in the flowering stage. The amount of copper has slightly changed during the potassium fertilization, yet foliar fertilization hasn’t affected the change of copper in any of the research year. Correlation analysis laid down a negative correlation between the potassium content and the K/Ca ratio in the leaf dry matter. There is a very positive correlation between the amount of potassium in the leaf dry matter and the sum of cations K+Ca+Mg. On the grounds of these results it can be concluded that Fe-chlorosis of the vine in a wide area of the Podunavlje vinegrowing subregion represents a considerable problem in the grape and vine production. Expected effects of the fertilization variants concerning the chlorosis and the phenomena associated to this physiological defect have failed. These results are obtained in significantly changed climate conditions with the tendency of drought in vegetation and a mild winter. That is why the research requires the continuity in order to obtain even more data in the new climate conditions.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium fertilization significantly increased grapevine yield relative to the control in both years
- Treatment
- Potassium fertilizatione1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- P=0.01%e1
- Comparator
- control treatmente1
VitisOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“GRAPEVINE FE-CHLOROSIS”
e1“Potassium fertilization has significantly increased yield by P=0.01% in both years of the research considering the control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium source with FeSO4 supplement did not affect must sugar content in any year
- Treatment
- different source of potassium with FeSO4x7H2O supplemente2
- Outcome
- sugar content in muste2
- Direction
- hasn’t affectede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“GRAPEVINE FE-CHLOROSIS”
e2“Fertilization with different source of potassium with FeSO4x7H2O supplement in the main fertilization hasn’t affected the sugar content in must in any year”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilization treatments and foliar treatments had no significant effect on must total acidity in any year
- Treatment
- fertilization treatments in the main fertilizatione3
- Outcome
- total acidy of the muste3
- Direction
- haven’t reached a significant effecte3
- Qualifier
- like the foliar treatmentse3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“GRAPEVINE FE-CHLOROSIS”
e3“The fertilization treatments in the main fertilization like the foliar treatments, haven’t reached a significant effect on the total acidy of the must in any year”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium and iron fertilization sources and foliar treatment did not change leaf phosphorus percentage
- Treatment
- different sources of potassium, iron supplement in soil or foliar treatmente4
- Outcome
- percentage of phosphorus in leaf dry mattere4
- Direction
- hasn’t changede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“GRAPEVINE FE-CHLOROSIS”
e4“The percentage of phosphorus in leaf dry matter hasn’t changed as a result of different sources of potassium, iron supplement in soil or foliar treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium fertilization increased leaf potassium compared with vines not receiving potassium
- Treatment
- potassium fertilizatione5
- Outcome
- amount of potassium in leafe5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Comparator
- cases where this element hasn’t been usede5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“GRAPEVINE FE-CHLOROSIS”
e5“The amount of potassium in leaf was increased by potassium fertilization, compared to the cases where this element hasn’t been used”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium chloride and sulphate with 25 kg/ha iron in the main fertilization, or without iron, increased leaf iron
- Treatment
- potassium chloride and sulphate with 25 kg ha-1 of iron in the main fertilizatione6
- Outcome
- amount of iron in the leafe6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Comparator
- without the irone6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“GRAPEVINE FE-CHLOROSIS”
e6“The amount of iron in the leaf was increased by potassium chloride and sulphate with 25 kg ha-1 of iron in the main fertilization, or even without the iron”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar iron fertilization significantly increased leaf iron in both years, except at flowering in 2009
- Organ / stage
- flowering stagee7
- Treatment
- Foliar fertilization with irone7
- Outcome
- increase of iron in leavese7
- Direction
- increasee7
- Qualifier
- except for 2009 in the flowering stagee7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“GRAPEVINE FE-CHLOROSIS”
e7“Foliar fertilization with iron had a significant effect on the increase of iron in leaves in both years, except for 2009 in the flowering stage”
Claim · model-written summary
No visual Fe-chlorosis symptoms appeared on leaves at either growth stage in any year
- Outcome
- visual symptoms of Fe-chlorosis on leavese0
- Qualifier
- in both growth stages in any of the research yeare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“GRAPEVINE FE-CHLOROSIS”
e0“There were no visual symptoms of Fe-chlorosis on leaves in both growth stages in any of the research year”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium fertilization sources and iron in the main fertilization or foliar treatment did not change leaf manganese
- Treatment
- potassium fertilization with different sourcese1
- Outcome
- Manganese concentratione1
- Direction
- hasn’t changede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“GRAPEVINE FE-CHLOROSIS”
e1“Manganese concentration hasn’t changed as a result of potassium fertilization with different sources, potassium and iron fertilization in the main fertilization or foliar treatment during the vegetation”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium fertilization sources and potassium with iron in the main fertilization did not significantly change leaf zinc
- Treatment
- fertilization of different sources of potassiume2
- Outcome
- Zinc amount in leaf dry mattere2
- Direction
- hasn’t significantly changede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“GRAPEVINE FE-CHLOROSIS”
e2“Zinc amount in leaf dry matter hasn’t significantly changed due to fertilization of different sources of potassium or potassium with iron in the main fertilization”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar treatment had an even smaller effect on leaf zinc change at flowering
- Organ / stage
- flowering stagee3
- Treatment
- Foliar treatmente3
- Outcome
- change of zinc in leavese3
- Direction
- smaller effecte3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“GRAPEVINE FE-CHLOROSIS”
e3“Foliar treatment has made even a smaller effect on the change of zinc in leaves in the flowering stage”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium fertilization slightly changed leaf copper
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“GRAPEVINE FE-CHLOROSIS”
e4“The amount of copper has slightly changed during the potassium fertilization, yet foliar fertilization hasn’t affected the change of copper in any of the research year”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar fertilization did not affect leaf copper change in any year
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“GRAPEVINE FE-CHLOROSIS”
e4“The amount of copper has slightly changed during the potassium fertilization, yet foliar fertilization hasn’t affected the change of copper in any of the research year”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf K/Ca ratio correlated negatively with leaf potassium content
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“GRAPEVINE FE-CHLOROSIS”
e5“Correlation analysis laid down a negative correlation between the potassium content and the K/Ca ratio in the leaf dry matter”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf potassium content correlated very positively with the sum of cations K+Ca+Mg
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“GRAPEVINE FE-CHLOROSIS”
e6“There is a very positive correlation between the amount of potassium in the leaf dry matter and the sum of cations K+Ca+Mg”
Claim · model-written summary
The expected effects of the fertilization variants on chlorosis failed
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“GRAPEVINE FE-CHLOROSIS”
e7“Expected effects of the fertilization variants concerning the chlorosis and the phenomena associated to this physiological defect have failed”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe-chlorosis is a considerable problem in grape and vine production in the Podunavlje subregion
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“GRAPEVINE FE-CHLOROSIS”
e0“Fe-chlorosis of the vine in a wide area of the Podunavlje vinegrowing subregion represents a considerable problem in the grape and vine production”
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See all 37 papers →8 of 11 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.