Abstract
A field experiment was conducted at five locations in Punjab, India to study the effect of foliar application of urea (nitrogen) on the symbiotic parameters, growth, yield, quality, and monetary parameters of chickpea under irrigated conditions. The experiment consisted of foliar application of 2% urea at flowering stage, pod formation stage, at both the stages (flowering + pod formation), and control (no application) treatment. Application of 2% urea at flowering and pod formation stages recorded the highest number of nodules, dry weight of nodules, plant height and yield parameters. Improvement in these parameters led to significantly higher chickpea yield, by a margin of 26.0, 39.7, 14.1, 12.6 and 22.4 per cent as compared to control at Ludhiana (2017-18), Ludhiana (2018-19), Bathinda, Ballowal Saunkhri and Faridkot, respectively. On the basis of pooled mean of all the trials, foliar application of urea at both stages (flowering as well as pod formation) improved the grain yield by 19.3% over control, protein content by 12.7% and net monetary returns by 30.4% as compared to control treatment. It can be concluded that foliar application of 2% urea at flowering as well as pod formation stages should be done in chickpea under irrigated conditions for obtaining higher grain yield and net returns along with improved protein content, which can help in the fulfillment of protein requirement of the vegetarian population.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar urea at flowering and pod formation raised chickpea yield by 26.0 per cent over control at Ludhiana (2017-18).
- Taxon
- chickpea
Cicer arietinumt0 - Treatment
- Application of 2% urea at flowering and pod formation stagese2
- Outcome
- chickpea yielde3
- Direction
- highere3
- Value
- 26.0e3
- Comparator
- controle3
- Setting
- Ludhiana (2017-18)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effect of foliar-applied urea on symbiotic parameters, yield and monetary returns of irrigated chickpea”
e2“Application of 2% urea at flowering and pod formation stages recorded the highest number of nodules, dry weight of nodules, plant height and yield parameters”
e3“significantly higher chickpea yield, by a margin of 26.0, 39.7, 14.1, 12.6 and 22.4 per cent as compared to control at Ludhiana (2017-18), Ludhiana (2018-19), Bathinda, Ballowal Saunkhri and Faridkot, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar urea at flowering and pod formation raised chickpea yield by 39.7 per cent over control at Ludhiana (2018-19).
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Application of 2% urea at flowering and pod formation stagese2
- Outcome
- chickpea yielde3
- Direction
- highere3
- Value
- 39.7e3
- Comparator
- controle3
- Setting
- Ludhiana (2018-19)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effect of foliar-applied urea on symbiotic parameters, yield and monetary returns of irrigated chickpea”
e2“Application of 2% urea at flowering and pod formation stages recorded the highest number of nodules, dry weight of nodules, plant height and yield parameters”
e3“significantly higher chickpea yield, by a margin of 26.0, 39.7, 14.1, 12.6 and 22.4 per cent as compared to control at Ludhiana (2017-18), Ludhiana (2018-19), Bathinda, Ballowal Saunkhri and Faridkot, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar urea at flowering and pod formation raised chickpea yield by 14.1 per cent over control at Bathinda.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Application of 2% urea at flowering and pod formation stagese2
- Outcome
- chickpea yielde3
- Direction
- highere3
- Value
- 14.1e3
- Comparator
- controle3
- Setting
- Bathindae3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effect of foliar-applied urea on symbiotic parameters, yield and monetary returns of irrigated chickpea”
e2“Application of 2% urea at flowering and pod formation stages recorded the highest number of nodules, dry weight of nodules, plant height and yield parameters”
e3“significantly higher chickpea yield, by a margin of 26.0, 39.7, 14.1, 12.6 and 22.4 per cent as compared to control at Ludhiana (2017-18), Ludhiana (2018-19), Bathinda, Ballowal Saunkhri and Faridkot, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar urea at flowering and pod formation raised chickpea yield by 12.6 per cent over control at Ballowal Saunkhri.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Application of 2% urea at flowering and pod formation stagese2
- Outcome
- chickpea yielde3
- Direction
- highere3
- Value
- 12.6e3
- Comparator
- controle3
- Setting
- Ballowal Saunkhrie3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effect of foliar-applied urea on symbiotic parameters, yield and monetary returns of irrigated chickpea”
e2“Application of 2% urea at flowering and pod formation stages recorded the highest number of nodules, dry weight of nodules, plant height and yield parameters”
e3“significantly higher chickpea yield, by a margin of 26.0, 39.7, 14.1, 12.6 and 22.4 per cent as compared to control at Ludhiana (2017-18), Ludhiana (2018-19), Bathinda, Ballowal Saunkhri and Faridkot, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar urea at flowering and pod formation raised chickpea yield by 22.4 per cent over control at Faridkot.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Application of 2% urea at flowering and pod formation stagese2
- Outcome
- chickpea yielde3
- Direction
- highere3
- Value
- 22.4e3
- Comparator
- controle3
- Setting
- Faridkote3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effect of foliar-applied urea on symbiotic parameters, yield and monetary returns of irrigated chickpea”
e2“Application of 2% urea at flowering and pod formation stages recorded the highest number of nodules, dry weight of nodules, plant height and yield parameters”
e3“significantly higher chickpea yield, by a margin of 26.0, 39.7, 14.1, 12.6 and 22.4 per cent as compared to control at Ludhiana (2017-18), Ludhiana (2018-19), Bathinda, Ballowal Saunkhri and Faridkot, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar urea at flowering and pod formation gave the highest number of nodules and nodule dry weight compared with control.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Application of 2% urea at flowering and pod formation stagese2
- Outcome
- number of nodules, dry weight of nodulese2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effect of foliar-applied urea on symbiotic parameters, yield and monetary returns of irrigated chickpea”
e2“Application of 2% urea at flowering and pod formation stages recorded the highest number of nodules, dry weight of nodules, plant height and yield parameters”
e1“control (no application) treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar urea at flowering and pod formation gave the highest plant height and yield parameters compared with control.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Application of 2% urea at flowering and pod formation stagese2
- Outcome
- plant height and yield parameterse2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effect of foliar-applied urea on symbiotic parameters, yield and monetary returns of irrigated chickpea”
e2“Application of 2% urea at flowering and pod formation stages recorded the highest number of nodules, dry weight of nodules, plant height and yield parameters”
e1“control (no application) treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar urea at both stages improved chickpea grain yield by 19.3% over control.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- foliar application of urea at both stages (flowering as well as pod formation)e4
- Outcome
- grain yielde4
- Direction
- improvede4
- Value
- 19.3%e4
- Comparator
- controle4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effect of foliar-applied urea on symbiotic parameters, yield and monetary returns of irrigated chickpea”
e4“foliar application of urea at both stages (flowering as well as pod formation) improved the grain yield by 19.3% over control”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar urea at both stages improved chickpea protein content by 12.7% compared with control.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- foliar application of urea at both stages (flowering as well as pod formation)e4
- Outcome
- protein contente5
- Direction
- improvede4
- Value
- 12.7%e5
- Comparator
- controle4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effect of foliar-applied urea on symbiotic parameters, yield and monetary returns of irrigated chickpea”
e4“foliar application of urea at both stages (flowering as well as pod formation) improved the grain yield by 19.3% over control”
e5“protein content by 12.7%”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar urea at both stages improved net monetary returns by 30.4% compared with control.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- foliar application of urea at both stages (flowering as well as pod formation)e4
- Outcome
- net monetary returnse6
- Direction
- improvede4
- Value
- 30.4%e6
- Comparator
- control treatmente6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effect of foliar-applied urea on symbiotic parameters, yield and monetary returns of irrigated chickpea”
e4“foliar application of urea at both stages (flowering as well as pod formation) improved the grain yield by 19.3% over control”
e6“net monetary returns by 30.4% as compared to control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar application of 2% urea at flowering and pod formation should be done in irrigated chickpea to obtain higher grain yield and net returns with improved protein content.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume7
- Treatment
- foliar application of 2% urea at flowering as well as pod formation stagese7
- Outcome
- higher grain yield and net returnse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effect of foliar-applied urea on symbiotic parameters, yield and monetary returns of irrigated chickpea”
e7“foliar application of 2% urea at flowering as well as pod formation stages should be done in chickpea under irrigated conditions for obtaining higher grain yield and net returns along with improved protein content”
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