Abstract
Pulses are an integral part of Indian agriculture due to their multiple utility in human food, animal feed and soil health. India has the distinction of being the top producer of pulses in the world. About 8–10% grain yield of pulse crops are annually lost due to various diseases. Majority of the fungal diseases are soil and seed borne in nature therefore, difficult to manage by conventional management practices consisting of growing resistant cultivars and use of fungicides. Among the various types of biological control agents, Trichoderma species have been extensively exploited. They were found to be effective against large number of soil, seed and air borne fungal plant pathogens. The ideal characteristic features like high reproductive capacity, rhizosphere modification ability, survival ability under adverse conditions, nutrients utilization efficiency, aggressiveness against plant pathogens and promoting plant growth and defense mechanism makes Trichoderma as a successful biocontrol agent. Seed and soil application bio-formulations were developed from different potential species of Trichoderma to increase shelf life and efficacy. Pusa 5SD a seed dressing formulation and Pusa Biopellet (PBP) a soil application formulation showed longer shelf life. The efficacies of newly developed bio-formulations were evaluated in pot and filed experiments against several diseases of pulse crops namely, dry (Rhizoctonia bataticola) and wet root rot (R. solani) of mungbean and ckickpea, wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris) of chickpea and root rot (Rhizoctonia solani) and damping off (Pythium ultimum) complex in French bean. T. harzianum based formulations were found superior over others against R. bataticola and Fusarium species whereas, T. virens based formulations were found superior against R. solani. A combined application of PBP 10G (T. harzianum) in soil and Pusa 5SD + carboxin as seed treatment showed superiority over any other formulations alone in reducing the dry root rot incidence and increasing grain yield of mungbean and chickpea. Soil application of PBP 4G (T. viride) and seed treatment with Pusa 5SD (T. harzianum) + carboxin provided the highest yield attributing parameters with the lowest wilt incidence in chickpea. T. virens based Pusa 5SD and PBG 6 were found effective in reducing wet root rot and increasing yield in mungbean and chickpea. Seed treatment proved superiority over soil application for all the parameters recorded. Both the formulations (soil and seed treatment) showed growth promoting ability. During validation, Pusa 5SD (T. harzianum) alone and in combination with Vitavax power (carboxin + thiram) reduced the wilt incidence and enhanced the grain yield of chickpea at 8 different locations across the country. French bean seeds treated with T. harzianum based Pusa 5 SD + P. fluorescens provided the highest seed germination, root and shoot lengths, dry plant weight, pod yield and the lowest disease incidence. Further, combined application of Pusa 5SD (T. harzianum), PGPR strain P. fluorescens, M. ciceri and Vitavax power as seed treatment gave extreme protection to germinating chickpea plants with the highest grain yield and the lowest wilt incidence.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
T. harzianum formulations are superior to others against Rhizoctonia bataticola and Fusarium species.
- Taxon
- pulse cropst0
- Treatment
- T. harzianum based formulationse0
- Interactor
- R. bataticola
Macrophomina phaseolinae0pathogen - Second interactor
- T. harzianum
Trichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- against R. bataticola and Fusarium speciese0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Comparator
- otherse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“major fungal diseases in pulse crops”
e0“T. harzianum based formulations were found superior over others against R. bataticola and Fusarium species whereas, T. virens based formulations were found superior against R. solani”
Claim · model-written summary
T. virens formulations are superior against Rhizoctonia solani.
- Taxon
- pulse cropst0
- Treatment
- T. virens based formulationse0
- Interactor
- R. solani
Rhizoctonia solanie0pathogen - Second interactor
- T. virensTrichoderma virense0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- against R. solanie0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Comparator
- otherse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“major fungal diseases in pulse crops”
e0“T. harzianum based formulations were found superior over others against R. bataticola and Fusarium species whereas, T. virens based formulations were found superior against R. solani”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined soil and seed application reduces dry root rot incidence in mungbean and chickpea relative to any other formulation alone.
- Taxon
- mungbean and chickpea
Cicer arietinum.jpg?width=60)
Vigna radiatae1 - Treatment
- A combined application of PBP 10G (T. harzianum) in soil and Pusa 5SD + carboxin as seed treatmente1
- Outcome
- dry root rot incidencee1
- Direction
- reducinge1
- Comparator
- any other formulations alonee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“A combined application of PBP 10G (T. harzianum) in soil and Pusa 5SD + carboxin as seed treatment showed superiority over any other formulations alone in reducing the dry root rot incidence and increasing grain yield of mungbean and chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined soil and seed application increases grain yield of mungbean and chickpea relative to any other formulation alone.
- Taxon
- mungbean and chickpeaCicer arietinumVigna radiatae1
- Treatment
- A combined application of PBP 10G (T. harzianum) in soil and Pusa 5SD + carboxin as seed treatmente1
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- increasinge1
- Comparator
- any other formulations alonee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“A combined application of PBP 10G (T. harzianum) in soil and Pusa 5SD + carboxin as seed treatment showed superiority over any other formulations alone in reducing the dry root rot incidence and increasing grain yield of mungbean and chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil application of PBP 4G (T. viride) with seed treatment of Pusa 5SD and carboxin gives the highest yield attributing parameters in chickpea.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume2
- Treatment
- Soil application of PBP 4G (T. viride) and seed treatment with Pusa 5SD (T. harzianum) + carboxine2
- Outcome
- yield attributing parameterse2
- Direction
- higheste2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Soil application of PBP 4G (T. viride) and seed treatment with Pusa 5SD (T. harzianum) + carboxin provided the highest yield attributing parameters with the lowest wilt incidence in chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil application of PBP 4G (T. viride) with seed treatment of Pusa 5SD and carboxin gives the lowest wilt incidence in chickpea.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume2
- Treatment
- Soil application of PBP 4G (T. viride) and seed treatment with Pusa 5SD (T. harzianum) + carboxine2
- Outcome
- wilt incidencee2
- Direction
- loweste2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Soil application of PBP 4G (T. viride) and seed treatment with Pusa 5SD (T. harzianum) + carboxin provided the highest yield attributing parameters with the lowest wilt incidence in chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
T. virens based Pusa 5SD and PBG 6 reduce wet root rot in mungbean and chickpea.
- Taxon
- mungbean and chickpeaCicer arietinumVigna radiatae3
- Treatment
- T. virens based Pusa 5SD and PBG 6e3
- Outcome
- wet root rote3
- Direction
- reducinge3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“T. virens based Pusa 5SD and PBG 6 were found effective in reducing wet root rot and increasing yield in mungbean and chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
T. virens based Pusa 5SD and PBG 6 increase yield of mungbean and chickpea.
- Taxon
- mungbean and chickpeaCicer arietinumVigna radiatae3
- Treatment
- T. virens based Pusa 5SD and PBG 6e3
- Outcome
- yielde3
- Direction
- increasinge3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“T. virens based Pusa 5SD and PBG 6 were found effective in reducing wet root rot and increasing yield in mungbean and chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed treatment is superior to soil application for all parameters recorded in mungbean and chickpea.
- Taxon
- mungbean and chickpeaCicer arietinumVigna radiatae3
- Treatment
- Seed treatmente4
- Outcome
- all the parameters recordede4
- Direction
- superioritye4
- Comparator
- soil applicatione4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“T. virens based Pusa 5SD and PBG 6 were found effective in reducing wet root rot and increasing yield in mungbean and chickpea”
e4“Seed treatment proved superiority over soil application for all the parameters recorded”
Claim · model-written summary
Both soil and seed formulations show growth promoting ability in pulse crops.
Verbatim
t0“major fungal diseases in pulse crops”
e5“Both the formulations (soil and seed treatment) showed growth promoting ability”
Claim · model-written summary
Pusa 5SD alone or with Vitavax power reduces wilt incidence in chickpea at eight locations.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume6
- Treatment
- Pusa 5SD (T. harzianum) alone and in combination with Vitavax power (carboxin + thiram)e6
- Outcome
- wilt incidencee6
- Direction
- reducede6
- Setting
- 8 different locations across the countrye6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“During validation, Pusa 5SD (T. harzianum) alone and in combination with Vitavax power (carboxin + thiram) reduced the wilt incidence and enhanced the grain yield of chickpea at 8 different locations across the country”
Claim · model-written summary
Pusa 5SD alone or with Vitavax power increases grain yield of chickpea at eight locations.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume6
- Treatment
- Pusa 5SD (T. harzianum) alone and in combination with Vitavax power (carboxin + thiram)e6
- Outcome
- grain yielde6
- Direction
- enhancede6
- Setting
- 8 different locations across the countrye6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“During validation, Pusa 5SD (T. harzianum) alone and in combination with Vitavax power (carboxin + thiram) reduced the wilt incidence and enhanced the grain yield of chickpea at 8 different locations across the country”
Claim · model-written summary
Pusa 5SD with P. fluorescens gives the highest seed germination, root and shoot lengths and dry plant weight in French bean.
- Taxon
- French bean
Phaseolus vulgarise7 - Treatment
- T. harzianum based Pusa 5 SD + P. fluorescense7
- Outcome
- seed germination, root and shoot lengths, dry plant weighte7
- Direction
- higheste7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“French bean seeds treated with T. harzianum based Pusa 5 SD + P. fluorescens provided the highest seed germination, root and shoot lengths, dry plant weight, pod yield and the lowest disease incidence”
Claim · model-written summary
Pusa 5SD with P. fluorescens gives the highest pod yield in French bean.
- Taxon
- French beanPhaseolus vulgarise7
- Treatment
- T. harzianum based Pusa 5 SD + P. fluorescense7
- Outcome
- pod yielde7
- Direction
- higheste7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“French bean seeds treated with T. harzianum based Pusa 5 SD + P. fluorescens provided the highest seed germination, root and shoot lengths, dry plant weight, pod yield and the lowest disease incidence”
Claim · model-written summary
Pusa 5SD with P. fluorescens gives the lowest disease incidence in French bean.
- Taxon
- French beanPhaseolus vulgarise7
- Treatment
- T. harzianum based Pusa 5 SD + P. fluorescense7
- Outcome
- disease incidencee7
- Direction
- loweste7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“French bean seeds treated with T. harzianum based Pusa 5 SD + P. fluorescens provided the highest seed germination, root and shoot lengths, dry plant weight, pod yield and the lowest disease incidence”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined seed treatment gives the highest grain yield of chickpea.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- combined application of Pusa 5SD (T. harzianum), PGPR strain P. fluorescens, M. ciceri and Vitavax power as seed treatmente1
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- higheste1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Further, combined application of Pusa 5SD (T. harzianum), PGPR strain P. fluorescens, M. ciceri and Vitavax power as seed treatment gave extreme protection to germinating chickpea plants with the highest grain yield and the lowest wilt incidence”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined seed treatment gives the lowest wilt incidence in chickpea.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- combined application of Pusa 5SD (T. harzianum), PGPR strain P. fluorescens, M. ciceri and Vitavax power as seed treatmente1
- Outcome
- wilt incidencee1
- Direction
- loweste1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Further, combined application of Pusa 5SD (T. harzianum), PGPR strain P. fluorescens, M. ciceri and Vitavax power as seed treatment gave extreme protection to germinating chickpea plants with the highest grain yield and the lowest wilt incidence”
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See all 22 papers →693430 · yield · Vigna radiata (mung bean)Results agree
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Trichoderma virens · disease · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
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Trichoderma virens · yield · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results agree
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8 of 31 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.