Abstract
BACKGROUND: Zinc (Zn) and nickel (Ni) are nutrients that are crucial for plant growth; however, when they are present at higher concentrations, they can cause toxicity in plants. The present study aimed to isolate plant growth promoting endophytic bacteria from Viburnum grandiflorum and assess its plant and defense promoting potential alone and in combination with RP in zinc (Zn) and nickel (Ni) toxic soil. The isolated endophytic bacteria were identified using 16s rRNA gene sequencing. For the experiment, twelve different treatments were applied using Zn, Ni, isolated endophytic Bacillus mycoides (Accession # MW979613), and rock phosphate (RP). The Ni, Zn and RP were used at the rate of (100 mg/kg) and (0.2 g/kg) respectively. A pot experiment with three replicates of each treatment was conducted using a complete randomized design (CRD). RESULTS: The results indicated that Ni (T5 = seed + 100 mg/kg Ni and T9 = seed + 100 mg/kg Zn) and Zn concentrations inhibited plant growth, but the intensity of growth inhibition was higher in Ni-contaminated soil. Bacillus mycoides and RP at 100 mg/Kg Zn (T12 = inoculated seed + 100 mg/kg Zn + RP0.2 g/kg.) increased the shoot length, leaf width, protein and sugar content by 57%, 13%, 20% and 34%, respectively, compared to the control. The antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutases (SOD), peroxidase (POD) were decreased in contaminated soil. Furthermore, Ni and Zn accumulation was inhibited in T11 (seed + 100 mg/kg Zn + RP0.2 g/Kg) and T12 (inoculated seed + 100 mg/kg Zn + RP0.2 g/Kg) by 62 and 63% respectively. The Cu, Ca, and K, contents increased by 128, 219 and 85, Mn, Na, and K by 326, 449, and 84% in (T3 = inoculated seed) and (T4 = inoculated seed + RP 0.2 g/Kg) respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Ni was more toxic to plants than Zn, but endophytic bacteria isolated from Viburnum grandiflorum, helped wheat (Triticum aestivum) plants and reduced the toxic effects of Ni and Zn. The effect of Bacillus mycoides was more prominent in combination with RP which promoted and suppressed heavy-metal toxicity. The reported combination of Bacillus mycoides and RP may be useful for improving plant growth and overcoming metal stress.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Nickel and zinc inhibited wheat growth, with greater inhibition under nickel.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ni (T5 = seed + 100 mg/kg Ni and T9 = seed + 100 mg/kg Zn) and Zn concentrations inhibited plant growth, but the intensity of growth inhibition was higher in Ni-contaminated soil”
t0“wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus mycoides and rock phosphate under zinc increased wheat shoot length by 57% versus control.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- Bacillus mycoides and RP at 100 mg/Kg Zne0
- Interactor
- Bacillus mycoides
Bacillus mycoidese0symbiont - Outcome
- shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 57%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacillus mycoides and RP at 100 mg/Kg Zn (T12 = inoculated seed + 100 mg/kg Zn + RP0.2 g/kg.) increased the shoot length, leaf width, protein and sugar content by 57%, 13%, 20% and 34%, respectively, compared to the control”
t0“wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination increased wheat leaf width by 13%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Bacillus mycoides and RP at 100 mg/Kg Zne0
- Interactor
- Bacillus mycoidesBacillus mycoidese0symbiont
- Outcome
- leaf widthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 13%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacillus mycoides and RP at 100 mg/Kg Zn (T12 = inoculated seed + 100 mg/kg Zn + RP0.2 g/kg.) increased the shoot length, leaf width, protein and sugar content by 57%, 13%, 20% and 34%, respectively, compared to the control”
t0“wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination increased wheat protein content by 20%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Bacillus mycoides and RP at 100 mg/Kg Zne0
- Interactor
- Bacillus mycoidesBacillus mycoidese0symbiont
- Outcome
- proteine0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 20%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacillus mycoides and RP at 100 mg/Kg Zn (T12 = inoculated seed + 100 mg/kg Zn + RP0.2 g/kg.) increased the shoot length, leaf width, protein and sugar content by 57%, 13%, 20% and 34%, respectively, compared to the control”
t0“wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination increased wheat sugar content by 34%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Bacillus mycoides and RP at 100 mg/Kg Zne0
- Interactor
- Bacillus mycoidesBacillus mycoidese0symbiont
- Outcome
- sugar contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 34%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacillus mycoides and RP at 100 mg/Kg Zn (T12 = inoculated seed + 100 mg/kg Zn + RP0.2 g/kg.) increased the shoot length, leaf width, protein and sugar content by 57%, 13%, 20% and 34%, respectively, compared to the control”
t0“wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Superoxide dismutase and peroxidase decreased in contaminated soil.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutases (SOD), peroxidase (POD)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Setting
- contaminated soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutases (SOD), peroxidase (POD) were decreased in contaminated soil”
t0“wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc and nickel accumulation was inhibited by 62% in T11.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- T11 (seed + 100 mg/kg Zn + RP0.2 g/Kg)e0
- Outcome
- Ni and Zn accumulatione0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- 62e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ni and Zn accumulation was inhibited in T11 (seed + 100 mg/kg Zn + RP0.2 g/Kg) and T12 (inoculated seed + 100 mg/kg Zn + RP0.2 g/Kg) by 62 and 63% respectively”
t0“wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc and nickel accumulation was inhibited by 63% in T12.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- T12 (inoculated seed + 100 mg/kg Zn + RP0.2 g/Kg)e0
- Outcome
- Ni and Zn accumulatione0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- 63%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ni and Zn accumulation was inhibited in T11 (seed + 100 mg/kg Zn + RP0.2 g/Kg) and T12 (inoculated seed + 100 mg/kg Zn + RP0.2 g/Kg) by 62 and 63% respectively”
t0“wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated seed increased Cu, Ca and K contents by 128, 219 and 85, respectively.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- T3 = inoculated seede0
- Interactor
- Bacillus mycoidesBacillus mycoidest1symbiont
- Outcome
- Cu, Ca, and K, contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 128, 219 and 85e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Cu, Ca, and K, contents increased by 128, 219 and 85, Mn, Na, and K by 326, 449, and 84% in (T3 = inoculated seed) and (T4 = inoculated seed + RP 0.2 g/Kg) respectively”
t0“wheat plants”
t1“Bacillus mycoides”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated seed with rock phosphate increased Mn, Na and K by 326, 449 and 84%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- T4 = inoculated seed + RP 0.2 g/Kge0
- Interactor
- Bacillus mycoidesBacillus mycoidest1symbiont
- Outcome
- Mn, Na, and Ke0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 326, 449, and 84%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Cu, Ca, and K, contents increased by 128, 219 and 85, Mn, Na, and K by 326, 449, and 84% in (T3 = inoculated seed) and (T4 = inoculated seed + RP 0.2 g/Kg) respectively”
t0“wheat plants”
t1“Bacillus mycoides”
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