Abstract
BACKGROUND: The resilience of plants against environmental challenges, particularly salinity and dehydration, is crucial for global food security. This study delves into the intricate interaction between NaCl-induced salinity and Azolla aqueous extract (AAE). In a pot trial, wheat kernels were primed with deionized water or 0.1% AAE for 21 h. Seedlings underwent various treatments; tap water, 250 mM NaCl, AAE priming and spray, and combined AAE with NaCl treatments. Seedlings were analyzed for ionic balance, secondary metabolism, antioxidant efficacy, and molecular response to experimental treatments. RESULTS: GC-MS analysis of AAE revealed key components like γ-aminobutyric acid and benzenedicarboxylic acid. Exposure to 250 mM NaCl significantly reduced N, P, Ca, K, and the K/Na ratio, while increases in Mg and Na. Also, salinity significantly decreased TAC, DPPH activity, and AsA levels while increasing GB in wheat seedlings. Additionally, salinity increased flavonoids, saponins, and anthocyanins but non-significantly decreased phenols. qRT-PCR analysis revealed upregulation of DRF1, CBF3, HQT, CHS, and FLS genes and downregulation of CBF4 and CHI genes by salinity. AAE treatments, alone or combined with salt stress, mitigated Na accumulation (31.50 and 32.87% compared to stressed seedlings), improved N and P levels, alleviated Mg, K/Na, and GB imbalances, and enhanced antioxidant potentials. Combined AAE and NaCl treatments effectually restored antioxidant potentials and regulated secondary metabolites and gene expressions, sustaining enhancement of ionic equilibrium, antioxidant defenses, and molecular responses in salt-stressed wheat. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, AAE can be exploited as a green approach for sustaining normal metabolism and gene expression of wheat seedlings in saline soils.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Azolla extract contained γ-aminobutyric acid and benzenedicarboxylic acid.
- Outcome
- γ-aminobutyric acid and benzenedicarboxylic acide0
AzollaOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GC-MS analysis of AAE revealed key components like γ-aminobutyric acid and benzenedicarboxylic acid.”
t0“Azolla aqueous extract”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced seedling N, P, Ca, K and K/Na ratio.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- 250 mM NaCle0
- Outcome
- N, P, Ca, K, and the K/Na ratioe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exposure to 250 mM NaCl significantly reduced N, P, Ca, K, and the K/Na ratio”
t0“wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased seedling Mg and Na.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- NaCl-induced salinitye1
- Outcome
- Mg and Nae0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while increases in Mg and Na”
t0“wheat seedlings”
e1“NaCl-induced salinity”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity decreased TAC, DPPH activity and AsA levels.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- TAC, DPPH activity, and AsA levelse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salinity significantly decreased TAC, DPPH activity, and AsA levels”
t0“wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased GB in seedlings.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- salinitye1
- Outcome
- GBe0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while increasing GB in wheat seedlings”
e1“salinity significantly decreased TAC”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased flavonoids, saponins and anthocyanins.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- flavonoids, saponins, and anthocyaninse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salinity increased flavonoids, saponins, and anthocyanins”
t0“wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity nonsignificantly decreased phenols.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- salinitye1
- Outcome
- phenolse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but non-significantly decreased phenols”
t0“wheat seedlings”
e1“salinity increased flavonoids”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity upregulated DRF1, CBF3 and HQT.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Gene
- DRF1, CBF3, HQTe0
- Outcome
- upregulatione0
- Direction
- upregulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“upregulation of DRF1, CBF3, HQT, CHS, and FLS genes and downregulation of CBF4 and CHI genes by salinity”
t0“wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity upregulated CHS and FLS.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Gene
- CHS, and FLSe0
- Outcome
- upregulatione0
- Direction
- upregulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“upregulation of DRF1, CBF3, HQT, CHS, and FLS genes and downregulation of CBF4 and CHI genes by salinity”
t0“wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity downregulated CBF4 and CHI.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Gene
- CBF4 and CHIe0
- Outcome
- downregulatione0
- Direction
- downregulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“downregulation of CBF4 and CHI genes by salinity”
t0“wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Azolla extract alone mitigated Na accumulation by 31.50% versus salt stressed seedlings.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- AAE treatments, alonee0
- Outcome
- Na accumulatione0
- Direction
- mitigatede0
- Value
- 31.50e0
- Comparator
- stressed seedlingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AAE treatments, alone or combined with salt stress, mitigated Na accumulation (31.50 and 32.87% compared to stressed seedlings)”
t0“wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Azolla extract with salt mitigated Na accumulation by 32.87% versus salt stressed seedlings.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- combined with salt stresse0
- Outcome
- Na accumulatione0
- Direction
- mitigatede0
- Value
- 32.87%e0
- Comparator
- stressed seedlingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AAE treatments, alone or combined with salt stress, mitigated Na accumulation (31.50 and 32.87% compared to stressed seedlings)”
t0“wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Azolla extract improved N and P levels in seedlings.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- AAE treatmentse0
- Outcome
- N and P levelse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- stressed seedlingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AAE treatments, alone or combined with salt stress, mitigated Na accumulation (31.50 and 32.87% compared to stressed seedlings), improved N and P levels”
t0“wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Azolla extract alleviated Mg, K/Na and GB imbalances.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- AAE treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Mg, K/Na, and GB imbalancese0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
- Comparator
- stressed seedlingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AAE treatments, alone or combined with salt stress, mitigated Na accumulation (31.50 and 32.87% compared to stressed seedlings), improved N and P levels, alleviated Mg, K/Na, and GB imbalances”
t0“wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Azolla extract enhanced antioxidant potentials.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- AAE treatmentse0
- Outcome
- antioxidant potentialse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- stressed seedlingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AAE treatments, alone or combined with salt stress, mitigated Na accumulation (31.50 and 32.87% compared to stressed seedlings), improved N and P levels, alleviated Mg, K/Na, and GB imbalances, and enhanced antioxidant potentials.”
t0“wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined Azolla extract and salt restored antioxidant potentials.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Combined AAE and NaCl treatmentse0
- Outcome
- antioxidant potentialse0
- Direction
- restorede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Combined AAE and NaCl treatments effectually restored antioxidant potentials”
t0“wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined Azolla extract and salt regulated secondary metabolites and gene expressions.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Combined AAE and NaCl treatmentse0
- Outcome
- secondary metabolites and gene expressionse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Combined AAE and NaCl treatments effectually restored antioxidant potentials and regulated secondary metabolites and gene expressions”
t0“wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors propose Azolla extract to sustain wheat metabolism and gene expression in saline soils.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- sustaining normal metabolism and gene expressione0
- Setting
- saline soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AAE can be exploited as a green approach for sustaining normal metabolism and gene expression of wheat seedlings in saline soils.”
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