Abstract
Abstract Basal application of controlled‐release urea (CRU) combined with conventional urea has been proposed to better match the temporal nitrogen (N) demand of crops, reducing fertilization costs and offering greater practical applicability. Ammonia (NH 3 ) volatilization is considered a major pathway of N loss in paddy, yet its response to CRU remains unclear. To evaluate the effects of partially substituting urea with CRU on NH 3 volatilization and agronomic performance, field experiments were conducted in rice ( Oryza sativa L.)–wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and rice–rapeseed ( Brassica napus L.) rotation with different CRU substitution rates (0%, 10%, 20%, 40%, 80%, and 100%). Results showed that the 40%–100% CRU treatments effectively decreased surface water NH 4 + ‐N content and cumulative NH 3 volatilization compared to other fertilization treatments. In particular, compared with other treatments, the 40% CRU treatment significantly reduced the ratio of cumulative NH 3 volatilization to total N input to 8.4% in the rice–wheat rotation. In the rice–rapeseed rotation, the 40% CRU treatment increased grain yield, partial factor productivity of nitrogen, and apparent N‐fertilizer utilization efficiency. In the rice–wheat rotation, the 40% CRU treatment produced the tallest rice plants (52.71 cm), while in the rice–rapeseed rotation, it achieved the highest growth rate (25.97 kg hm −2 day −1 ). Their results demonstrate that replacing 40% of urea with CRU could effectively reduce NH 3 volatilization while simultaneously enhancing rice N accumulation and agronomic performance, particularly in rice–wheat rotation system in the Chengdu Plain.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
CRU rates of 40–100% decreased surface water ammonium nitrogen compared with other fertilization treatments.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae1 - Treatment
- 40%–100% CRU treatmentse0
- Outcome
- surface water NH 4 + ‐N contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- other fertilization treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the 40%–100% CRU treatments effectively decreased surface water NH 4 + ‐N content and cumulative NH 3 volatilization compared to other fertilization treatments”
e1“rice ( Oryza sativa L.)–wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and rice–rapeseed ( Brassica napus L.) rotation”
Claim · model-written summary
CRU rates of 40–100% decreased cumulative ammonia volatilization compared with other fertilization treatments.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- 40%–100% CRU treatmentse0
- Outcome
- cumulative NH 3 volatilizatione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- other fertilization treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the 40%–100% CRU treatments effectively decreased surface water NH 4 + ‐N content and cumulative NH 3 volatilization compared to other fertilization treatments”
e1“rice ( Oryza sativa L.)–wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and rice–rapeseed ( Brassica napus L.) rotation”
Claim · model-written summary
In the rice–wheat rotation, 40% CRU significantly reduced ammonia loss as a share of nitrogen input to 8.4%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- 40% CRU treatmente0
- Outcome
- ratio of cumulative NH 3 volatilization to total N inpute0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 8.4%e0
- Qualifier
- rice–wheat rotatione0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compared with other treatments, the 40% CRU treatment significantly reduced the ratio of cumulative NH 3 volatilization to total N input to 8.4% in the rice–wheat rotation”
Claim · model-written summary
In rice–rapeseed rotation, 40% CRU increased grain yield, nitrogen productivity and apparent nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- 40% CRU treatmente0
- Outcome
- grain yield, partial factor productivity of nitrogen, and apparent N‐fertilizer utilization efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- rice–rapeseed rotatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the rice–rapeseed rotation, the 40% CRU treatment increased grain yield, partial factor productivity of nitrogen, and apparent N‐fertilizer utilization efficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
In rice–wheat rotation, 40% CRU produced the tallest rice plants, 52.71 cm.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- 40% CRU treatmente0
- Outcome
- tallest rice plantse0
- Direction
- talleste0
- Value
- 52.71 cme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the rice–wheat rotation, the 40% CRU treatment produced the tallest rice plants (52.71 cm)”
Claim · model-written summary
In rice–rapeseed rotation, 40% CRU produced the highest growth rate, 25.97 kg hm−2 day−1.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- 40% CRU treatmente2
- Outcome
- growth ratee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 25.97 kg hm −2 day −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the rice–rapeseed rotation, it achieved the highest growth rate (25.97 kg hm −2 day −1 )”
e2“the 40% CRU treatment increased grain yield”
e1“rice ( Oryza sativa L.)–wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and rice–rapeseed ( Brassica napus L.) rotation”
Claim · model-written summary
Replacing 40% of urea with CRU is proposed to reduce ammonia volatilization and improve rice nitrogen accumulation and agronomic performance.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- reduce NH 3 volatilization while simultaneously enhancing rice N accumulation and agronomic performancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“replacing 40% of urea with CRU could effectively reduce NH 3 volatilization while simultaneously enhancing rice N accumulation and agronomic performance”
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See all 993 papers →8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.