Search claims · PlantClaims

Observationobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Chukyo-Asahi kernel development was somewhat checked.

Taxon: RiceOryza sativat0
Outcome: kernel developmente0
Direction: checkede0

Verbatim

e0
“the kernel development was somewhat checked”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 856–899

t0
“Rice”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 27–31

Title

Observations on Damages to Rice Crops Caused by Wind Storm

Kazuo NAGATO; Ryozo YAMAMOTO; Yoshio KOBAYASHI Japanese Journal of Crop Science 1955. doi:10.1626/jcs.23.265

Other claims from this paper (8)

Observation The guarded rice plot had no storm injury.
Observation Tozan No. 59 plants lodged entirely in the storm.
Observation Storm exposure markedly checked nutrient translocation into Tozan No. 59 kernels.
Observation Tozan No. 59 yield was 70 percent of guarded plot yield.
Observation Chukyo-Asahi leaves split into two or three parts in the storm.
Observation Chukyo-Asahi hulls were slightly chafed in the storm.
Observation Chalky, deformed, milk-white and brown kernels increased in Chukyo-Asahi.
Observation Chukyo-Asahi yield was about 10 percent lower than guarded plot yield.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Self-pollination significantly reduced kernel development.

Taxon: maizeZea mayst0
Treatment: Self-pollinatione0
Outcome: kernel developmente0
Direction: reductione0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“Self-pollination caused a significant reduction in kernel development”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1206–1275

t0
“maize”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 106–111

Title

The role of artificial pollination and pollen effect on ear development and kernel structure of different maize genotypes

Fatih Kahrıman; Cem Ömer Egesel; Tuncay Aydın; et al. Journal of Pollination Ecology 2015. doi:10.26786/1920-7603(2015)1

Other claims from this paper (3)

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Drought significantly reduced kernel development.

Taxon: waxy maizet0
Organ / stage: Kernele0
Treatment: drought stresse0
Outcome: Kernel developmente0
Direction: reducede0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“Kernel development, starch accumulation, and activities of starch biosynthetic enzymes were significantly reduced by drought stress.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 380–512

t0
“waxy maize”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 99–109

Title

Proteomics reveals the effects of drought stress on the kernel development and starch formation of waxy maize

Jian Guo; Lingling Qu; Yifan Hu; et al. BMC Plant Biology 2021. doi:10.1186/s12870-021-03214-z

Other claims from this paper (16)

Intervention effect Drought significantly reduced starch accumulation.
Intervention effect Drought significantly reduced starch biosynthetic enzyme activities.
Intervention effect Drought changed starch granule morphology.
Intervention effect Drought accelerated grain filling rate.
Observation At 10 days after pollination, water stress yielded 487 differentially accumulated proteins.
Observation At 25 days after pollination, water stress yielded 465 differentially accumulated proteins.
Intervention effect Drought downregulated oxidation reduction and oxidoreductase proteins.
Intervention effect Drought downregulated peroxidase, catalase, and glutamine synthetase.
Intervention effect Drought downregulated abscisic acid stress ripening 1 and lipoxygenase.
Intervention effect Several endosperm and starch biosynthesis proteins were upregulated early under water stress.
Mechanism Early protein upregulation may have accelerated endosperm development and starch synthesis.
Observation Seventeen proteins remained upregulated at both sampling stages.
Observation Eleven proteins remained downregulated at both sampling stages.
Observation Four maize homologs were proposed as candidate proteins affecting kernel development and drought response.
Association Drought induced proteomic changes correlated strongly with kernel development and starch accumulation.
Association Kernel development and starch accumulation were closely related to waxy maize yield and quality.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

zmmkk4 knockout reduced or impaired kernel development.

Taxon: maizeZea mayst0
Treatment: Knockout mutants of zmmkk4e0
Gene: zmmkk4e0
Outcome: kernel developmente0
Direction: impairmentse0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“Knockout mutants of zmmkk4 resulted in significantly reduced kernel size and weight, accompanied by severe impairments in kernel development.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 565–706

t0
“maize”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 62–67

Title

ZmMKK4, a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, influences maize kernel size

Haibo Qu; Binyan Yao; Wenhui Rao; et al. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 2026. doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2026.111062

Other claims from this paper (8)

Mechanism ZmMKK4 was identified as a positive regulator of maize kernel development.
Observation ZmMKK4 localized primarily to the nucleus and cytoplasm.
Observation ZmMKK4 was highly expressed across multiple tissues including kernels.
Intervention effect zmmkk4 knockout reduced or impaired kernel size.
Intervention effect zmmkk4 knockout reduced or impaired weight.
Observation Mutant kernels showed a decrease in starch content.
Observation Mutant kernels showed a increase in protein content.
Recommendation The authors present ZmMKK4 as a candidate for marker-assisted selection or gene editing.

Observationobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Higher order mutants lacking ZmSnRK2.10 have defective kernel development.

Taxon: ZmSnRK2.10e0
Material: Higher-order SnRK2s mutantse0
Outcome: defective kernel developmente0

Verbatim

e0
“Higher-order SnRK2s mutants lacking ZmSnRK2.10 exhibit defective kernel development”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 476–559

Title

Subclass III SnRK2 Kinases Coordinate Starch and Storage Protein Synthesis During Maize Kernel Development

Yayun Wang; Tiandan Long; Changqing Mao; et al. Plant Biotechnology Journal 2025. doi:10.1111/pbi.70487

Other claims from this paper (10)

Mechanism Subclass III SnRK2s regulate starch and protein accumulation in maize kernels.
Observation Higher order mutants lacking ZmSnRK2.10 have drastically reduced starch content.
Observation Higher order mutants lacking ZmSnRK2.10 have drastically reduced storage protein content.
Mechanism ZmSnRK2.10 phosphorylates Bt1 and boosts starch synthesis.
Mechanism ZmSnRK2.10 promotes storage protein synthesis through Opaque-2 and ZmbZIP75 phosphorylation.
Mechanism Sucrose activates ZmSnRK2.10 early in endosperm filling.
Mechanism Abscisic acid activates ZmSnRK2.10 later in the embryo.
Intervention effect ZmSnRK2.10 overexpression significantly increased starch content.
Intervention effect ZmSnRK2.10 overexpression significantly increased protein content.
Intervention effect ZmSnRK2.10 overexpression raised vitreous endosperm ratio.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

High temperature accelerated rice kernel development and maturation.

Taxon: riceOryza sativat0
Treatment: High temp.e0
Outcome: kernel development and maturatione0
Direction: acceleratede0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“High temp. accelerated the kernel development and maturation.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 827–888

t0
“Rice”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 23–27

Title

On the Adaptability of Rice Varieties to High Temperature in the Ripening Periods

Kazuo NAGATO; Morie EBATA; Yasuhiro KONO Japanese Journal of Crop Science 1961. doi:10.1626/jcs.29.337

Other claims from this paper (7)

Observation Carbohydrate remained in rice leaves and culms after excessively rapid maturation.
Mechanism Premature rice ripening caused partially-chalky and milk-white kernels.
Mechanism Premature rice ripening increased bran and aleurone layer thickness.
Observation Ou-225 was scarcely affected at 25∼26°C night temperature.
Observation Ou-225 was fairly affected at 30°C night temperature.
Observation Fujisaka-5 was affected to a greater extent at 25∼26°C.
Observation Fujisaka-5 was severely affected at 30°C.

Observationobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The ehd1 mutant showed defects in kernel development and vegetative growth.

Taxon: maize (Zea mays)Zea mayse0
Material: ehd1e0
Outcome: defects in kernel development and vegetative growthe0

Not reportedDirection

Verbatim

e0
“a maize (Zea mays) mutant, designated ehd1, which showed defects in kernel development and vegetative growth”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 145–253

Title

ZmEHD1 Is Required for Kernel Development and Vegetative Growth through Regulating Auxin Homeostasis

Yafei Wang; Wenwen Liu; Hongqiu Wang; et al. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019. doi:10.1104/pp.19.01336

Other claims from this paper (11)

Observation Positional cloning and transgenic analysis showed that ehd1 encodes an EHD protein.
Observation Endocytic tracer internalization was substantially reduced in ehd1 mutants.
Observation Endocytic tracer internalization was substantially reduced in ZmEHD1 knockout mutants.
Observation ZmEHD1 and ZmAP2 s physically interact at the plasma membrane.
Observation Auxin distribution was altered in the ehd1 mutant.
Observation ZmPIN1a-YFP localization was altered in the ehd1 mutant.
Observation Kernel indole-3-acetic acid levels were substantially lower in ehd1 than in wild-type maize.
Intervention effect Applied 1-naphthaleneacetic acid rescued ehd1 seed germination and seedling emergence defects.
Intervention effect Applied GA 3 did not rescue ehd1 germination or seedling emergence defects.
Intervention effect Applied 2-naphthaleneacetic acid did not rescue ehd1 germination or seedling emergence defects.
Mechanism The authors infer that ZmEHD1 regulates auxin homeostasis through endocytosis and interaction with ZmAP2 s.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Glume top clipping severely inhibited kernel development.

Taxon: Rice PlantOryza sativat0
Treatment: glume top clippinge0
Outcome: development of the kernele0
Direction: inhibitede0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“By glume top clipping, the development of the kernel was inhibited very severely.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 670–751

t0
“Rice Plant”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 36–46

Title

Role of the Hull in the Ripening of Rice Plant : V. Water loss in hull and development of rice kernel

Seok Weon SEO; Yasuo OTA Japanese Journal of Crop Science 1982. doi:10.1626/jcs.51.529

Other claims from this paper (7)

Association Detached hull water loss rate decreased as ripening proceeded in fertile and sterile grains.
Observation Water loss ranked sterile grain above fertile grain hull above fertile grain.
Observation Normal grains lost water at a lower rate than malformed grains.
Intervention effect Detached panicles without SiO2 application had higher water loss.
Intervention effect High aerial moisture lessened the inhibition of development in clipped kernels.
Intervention effect A parafilm bag improved development of clipped kernels at the same moisture.
Mechanism Authors infer that hulls maintain grain moisture and enable normal kernel development.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Herbicide treatment sometimes caused failure of corn kernel development.

Taxon: cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
Outcome: failure of kernel developmente0
Qualifier: sometimes occurrede0

Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection

Verbatim

e0
“However, injury to corn, expressed as failure of kernel development and grain yield decreases, sometimes occurred.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 586–700

Title

Witchweed Control by Herbicides Translocated Through Host Plants

Paul F. Sand; Grant H. Egley; W. L. Gould; et al. Weed Science 1971. doi:10.1017/s0043174500048797

Other claims from this paper (13)

Intervention effect Lanolin-applied dicamba was translocated acropetally and affected parasitic witchweed.
Intervention effect Lanolin-applied 2,3,6-TBA was translocated acropetally and affected parasitic witchweed.
Observation Emerged witchweed showed epinasty.
Observation Emergence of other witchweed plants was delayed.
Intervention effect Foliar dicamba before witchweed emergence generally reduced infestation intensity in corn.
Intervention effect Foliar 2,3,6-TBA before witchweed emergence generally reduced infestation intensity in corn.
Intervention effect Foliar dicamba delayed witchweed emergence in corn.
Intervention effect Foliar 2,3,6-TBA delayed witchweed emergence in corn.
Intervention effect Herbicide treatment sometimes decreased corn grain yield.
Association Corn injury was greater with application at early tasseling.
Intervention effect Dicamba controlled witchweed more effectively than 2,3,6-TBA.
Observation No treatment controlled witchweed for the whole season.
Observation Annual variation in corn injury prevented selecting optimal treatment dates and rates.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Drought detrimentally affected gynoecium development and kernel set.

Taxon: maizeZea mayst0
Treatment: droughte0
Outcome: gynoecium development and kernel sete0
Direction: detrimentale0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“the detrimental effect of drought on gynoecium development and kernel set”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1634–1707

t0
“maize”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 47–52

Title

Developmental and transcriptional responses of maize to drought stress under field conditions

Olga N. Danilevskaya; GongXin Yu; Xin Meng; et al. Plant Direct 2019. doi:10.1002/pld3.129

Other claims from this paper (13)

Intervention effect Drought suppressed maize plant growth.
Intervention effect Drought had little impact on developmental stage progression.
Intervention effect Drought suppressed ear growth.
Intervention effect Drought did not significantly affect spikelet initiation.
Intervention effect Tassel growth declined less than ear growth under drought.
Observation RNA sequencing revealed tissue-specific drought responses.
Association High temperature fluctuation likely influenced field gene expression patterns.
Intervention effect Drought significantly changed transcription in leaves and ears.
Intervention effect Drought produced only minor transcriptional changes in tassels.
Observation More genes responded to drought in ears than leaves.
Intervention effect Genes controlling DNA replication, cell cycle and cell division were down-regulated in stressed ears.
Intervention effect Inflorescence meristem genes were less affected by drought.
Intervention effect Genes involved in floret and ovule development were sensitive to drought.

“kernel development”

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