Abstract
In a series of related experiment: some aspects of the histology and physiology of the disorder bitter pit in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) were studied. A two year field study was conducted to induce consistent bitter pit development in type ’Delicious’ (D) and ’Golden Delicious’ (GD) apple fruit. Multiple spray treatments of CaCl₂ and MgCl₂, combined with paper bag fruit covers, were applied and subsequent bitter pit development examined. The main effect of bags in both cultivars was increased pit development, decreased Ca in fruit and increased fruit K. CaCl₂ sprays resulted in less pit development, increased Ca in fruit, and less fruit Mg. MgCl₂ sprays resulted in increased bitter pit, decreased fruit Ca, and increased fruit Mg. Overall, field treatments provided a wide range of bitter pit incidence after storage, from 100% (bag and MgCl₂ spray combined) to 3% (CaCl₂ spray alone) in both D and GD. The cellular morphology of pitted apple fruit from field trees was examined using transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The overall tissue morphology of both cultivars was similar, but in pitted tissues differences were observed in tannin localization, starch hydrolysis, and cell wall morphology. Cation levels in the tissues were examined using X-ray microanalysis. High Mg levels were localized in pit cells, while K levels were similar in both healthy and pitted cells. Ca levels in both tissue types were too low to be detected by this method. Using ’Golden Delicious’ fruit from the field study, the relationship between pyruvate kinase activity, fruit cation concentration and bitter pit was investigated. Pyruvate kinase activity during early fruit growth was higher in fruit which developed 100% bitter pit after storage (MgCl, spray + bag), than in fruit that developed 3% bitter pit (CaCl₂ spray). Fruit with a high bitter pit incidence had a lower Ca: Mg + K ratio than fruit with a low level of the disorder. There was a strong positive correlation between enzyme activity early in the season and bitter pit incidence alter storage. An assay for pyruvate kinase may be valuable for early prediction of postharvest bitter pit development. Finally, the qualitative electrophoretic patterns of soluble fruit proteins from each treatment were examined starting early in the season and continuing until termination of fruit storage. Patterns from all treatments were almost identical throughout the season.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit bags increased pit development in both cultivars.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- bagse0
- Outcome
- pit developmente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The main effect of bags in both cultivars was increased pit development”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit bags decreased fruit Ca.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- bagse1
- Outcome
- Ca in fruite0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreased Ca in fruit”
e1“The main effect of bags in both cultivars”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit bags increased fruit K.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- bagse1
- Outcome
- fruit Ke0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased fruit K”
e1“The main effect of bags in both cultivars”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
CaCl₂ sprays reduced pit development.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- CaCl₂ sprayse0
- Outcome
- pit developmente0
- Direction
- lesse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CaCl₂ sprays resulted in less pit development”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
CaCl₂ sprays increased fruit Ca.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- CaCl₂ sprayse0
- Outcome
- Ca in fruite0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CaCl₂ sprays resulted in less pit development, increased Ca in fruit”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
CaCl₂ sprays reduced fruit Mg.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- CaCl₂ sprayse0
- Outcome
- fruit Mge0
- Direction
- lesse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CaCl₂ sprays resulted in less pit development, increased Ca in fruit, and less fruit Mg”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
MgCl₂ sprays increased bitter pit.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- MgCl₂ sprayse0
- Outcome
- bitter pite0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MgCl₂ sprays resulted in increased bitter pit”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
MgCl₂ sprays decreased fruit Ca.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- MgCl₂ sprayse0
- Outcome
- fruit Cae0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MgCl₂ sprays resulted in increased bitter pit, decreased fruit Ca”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
MgCl₂ sprays increased fruit Mg.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- MgCl₂ sprayse0
- Outcome
- fruit Mge0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MgCl₂ sprays resulted in increased bitter pit, decreased fruit Ca, and increased fruit Mg”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Bag plus MgCl₂ spray produced 100% bitter pit after storage.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- bag and MgCl₂ spray combinede0
- Outcome
- bitter pit incidence after storagee0
- Value
- 100%e0
- Comparator
- CaCl₂ spray alonee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bitter pit incidence after storage, from 100% (bag and MgCl₂ spray combined) to 3% (CaCl₂ spray alone)”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
CaCl₂ spray alone produced 3% bitter pit after storage.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- CaCl₂ spray alonee0
- Outcome
- bitter pit incidence after storagee0
- Value
- 3%e0
- Comparator
- bag and MgCl₂ spray combinede0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bitter pit incidence after storage, from 100% (bag and MgCl₂ spray combined) to 3% (CaCl₂ spray alone)”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Pitted tissues differed in tannin localization, starch hydrolysis and cell-wall morphology.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- differences were observed in tannin localization, starch hydrolysis, and cell wall morphologye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in pitted tissues differences were observed in tannin localization, starch hydrolysis, and cell wall morphology”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
High Mg levels were localized in pit cells.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- pit cellse0
- Outcome
- High Mg levelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High Mg levels were localized in pit cells”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
K levels were similar in healthy and pitted cells.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- K levelse0
- Direction
- similare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“K levels were similar in both healthy and pitted cells”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Ca levels were too low for X-ray microanalysis detection in both tissue types.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- Ca levelse0
- Comparator
- both tissue typese0
Not reportedValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ca levels in both tissue types were too low to be detected by this method”
e1“using X-ray microanalysis”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Early pyruvate kinase activity was higher in fruit that later developed 100% bitter pit than in fruit that developed 3%.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Gene
- Pyruvate kinasee0
- Outcome
- Pyruvate kinase activitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- fruit that developed 3% bitter pite0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pyruvate kinase activity during early fruit growth was higher in fruit which developed 100% bitter pit after storage (MgCl, spray + bag), than in fruit that developed 3% bitter pit (CaCl₂ spray)”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
High bitter-pit fruit had a lower Ca: Mg + K ratio than low-incidence fruit.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- Ca: Mg + K ratioe0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- fruit with a low level of the disordere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fruit with a high bitter pit incidence had a lower Ca: Mg + K ratio than fruit with a low level of the disorder”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Early enzyme activity correlated positively with bitter-pit incidence after storage.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- early in the seasone0
- Outcome
- bitter pit incidence alter storagee0
- Direction
- positivee0
- Qualifier
- enzyme activity early in the seasone0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was a strong positive correlation between enzyme activity early in the season and bitter pit incidence alter storage”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest a pyruvate kinase assay for early prediction of postharvest bitter pit.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Gene
- pyruvate kinasee0
- Outcome
- early prediction of postharvest bitter pit developmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An assay for pyruvate kinase may be valuable for early prediction of postharvest bitter pit development”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Soluble fruit protein electrophoretic patterns were almost identical across treatments throughout the season.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- qualitative electrophoretic patterns of soluble fruit proteinse1
- Direction
- almost identicale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Patterns from all treatments were almost identical throughout the season”
e1“qualitative electrophoretic patterns of soluble fruit proteins”
t0“apple”
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See all 116 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.