Abstract
A pot experiment was carried out in two successive years in early summer seasons of 2020 and 2021, under protected conditions (theram house), at the Agricultural Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture Menoufia University Shebin El-Kom, Egypt. This experiment was conducted to study the effect of two sources of fertilization i.e. organic (compost “COM” and humic acid “HA”) and biological (arbuscular mycorrhizal “AM” and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria “PGPR”) on mitigation salinity hazard on tomato plants (hybrid 186). Saline solutions were prepared by using NaCl to induce an EC of 3 and 6 dS m-1, in addition to tap water (0.56 dS m-1) as a control. Comparable to un-saline treatment (tap water i.e., 0.56 dS m-1), salinity (at 3.00 and 6.00 dS m-1) decreased tomato plant growth, i.e., root and stem length, and fresh and dry weights of plant organs estimated in plant samples taken at 50 and 60 DAT. In addition, salinity reduced: number of days to flowering of 50% of plants, fruit set (%), leaf relative water content (RWC), and N, P, K and Ca contents in both young active and old inactive leaves. Tomato yield and it`s components were also diminished by salinity. On the other hand, salinity increased specific leaf weight, osmotic pressure in leaves, water use efficiency (WUE), leaf total sugars content, leaf proline content, electrolyte leakage in leaves, non-marketable yield, and fruit contents of TSS, Vit. C, TA and fruit firmness. Also, salinity enhanced Na and Cl contents in both young and old leaves but their concentrations were higher in older leaves than in younger ones. Salinity alleviation treatments i.e., bio and organic fertilizers used in this study all mitigated salinity stress, as they increased values of all plant growth parameters, fruit set (%), N, P, K and Ca contents in both young and old leaves, total sugars contents, yield and yield components, and Vit. C content in fruits, as well as improved plant water status and water use efficiency. Also, such treatments resulted in reducing Na and Cl contents in both young and old leaves particularly in former ones, leaf proline content, and leaf electrolyte leakage. The combined or bilateral treatments i.e., AM+PGPR and COM+HA both seems to be of a synergistic effect as they effect on alleviation salinity stress was tremendous than using each component of both alone. In addition to these combined treatments AM inoculation and COM application were the most effective treatments in terms of alleviation salinity hazards on tomato plants.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity decreased tomato root and stem length and plant organ fresh and dry weights.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- salinity (at 3.00 and 6.00 dS m-1)e0
- Outcome
- root and stem length, and fresh and dry weightse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- un-saline treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salinity (at 3.00 and 6.00 dS m-1) decreased tomato plant growth, i.e., root and stem length, and fresh and dry weights of plant organs estimated in plant samples taken at 50 and 60 DAT.”
e1“Comparable to un-saline treatment (tap water i.e., 0.56 dS m-1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced days to 50% flowering and fruit set in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- number of days to flowering of 50% of plants, fruit set (%)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- tap watere2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salinity reduced: number of days to flowering of 50% of plants, fruit set (%)”
e1“salinity hazard on tomato plants”
e2“tap water (0.56 dS m-1) as a control”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced tomato leaf relative water content and N, P, K, and Ca contents.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume1
- Organ / stage
- young active and old inactive leavese0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- leaf relative water content (RWC), and N, P, K and Ca contentse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- tap watere2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salinity reduced: number of days to flowering of 50% of plants, fruit set (%), leaf relative water content (RWC), and N, P, K and Ca contents in both young active and old inactive leaves.”
e1“salinity hazard on tomato plants”
e2“tap water (0.56 dS m-1) as a control”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity diminished tomato yield and its components.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- yield and it`s componentse0
- Direction
- diminishede0
- Comparator
- tap watere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tomato yield and it`s components were also diminished by salinity.”
e1“tap water (0.56 dS m-1) as a control”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased tomato specific leaf weight, osmotic pressure, and water use efficiency.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- specific leaf weight, osmotic pressure in leaves, water use efficiency (WUE)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- tap watere2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salinity increased specific leaf weight, osmotic pressure in leaves, water use efficiency (WUE)”
e1“salinity hazard on tomato plants”
e2“tap water (0.56 dS m-1) as a control”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased tomato leaf total sugars, proline, and electrolyte leakage.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- leaf total sugars content, leaf proline content, electrolyte leakage in leavese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- tap watere2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salinity increased specific leaf weight, osmotic pressure in leaves, water use efficiency (WUE), leaf total sugars content, leaf proline content, electrolyte leakage in leaves”
e1“salinity hazard on tomato plants”
e2“tap water (0.56 dS m-1) as a control”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased tomato non-marketable yield.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- non-marketable yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- tap watere2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salinity increased specific leaf weight, osmotic pressure in leaves, water use efficiency (WUE), leaf total sugars content, leaf proline content, electrolyte leakage in leaves, non-marketable yield”
e1“salinity hazard on tomato plants”
e2“tap water (0.56 dS m-1) as a control”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased tomato fruit TSS, vitamin C, TA, and firmness.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- fruit contents of TSS, Vit. C, TA and fruit firmnesse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- tap watere2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salinity increased specific leaf weight, osmotic pressure in leaves, water use efficiency (WUE), leaf total sugars content, leaf proline content, electrolyte leakage in leaves, non-marketable yield, and fruit contents of TSS, Vit. C, TA and fruit firmness.”
e1“salinity hazard on tomato plants”
e2“tap water (0.56 dS m-1) as a control”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity enhanced Na and Cl contents in young and old tomato leaves.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume1
- Organ / stage
- young and old leavese0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- Na and Cl contentse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- tap watere2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salinity enhanced Na and Cl contents in both young and old leaves but their concentrations were higher in older leaves than in younger ones.”
e1“salinity hazard on tomato plants”
e2“tap water (0.56 dS m-1) as a control”
Claim · model-written summary
Na and Cl concentrations were higher in older than younger tomato leaves under salinity.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume2
- Organ / stage
- older leavese0
- Outcome
- Na and Cl contentse1
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- younger onese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“their concentrations were higher in older leaves than in younger ones.”
e1“salinity enhanced Na and Cl contents in both young and old leaves”
e2“salinity hazard on tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Bio and organic fertilizers increased tomato growth, fruit set, mineral contents, sugars, yield, and fruit vitamin C under salinity.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- bio and organic fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- plant growth parameters, fruit set (%), N, P, K and Ca contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bio and organic fertilizers used in this study all mitigated salinity stress, as they increased values of all plant growth parameters, fruit set (%), N, P, K and Ca contents in both young and old leaves, total sugars contents, yield and yield components, and Vit. C content in fruits”
e1“salinity hazard on tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Bio and organic fertilizers improved tomato plant water status and water use efficiency.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- bio and organic fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- plant water status and water use efficiencye0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“improved plant water status and water use efficiency.”
e1“bio and organic fertilizers used in this study”
e2“salinity hazard on tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Bio and organic fertilizers reduced tomato leaf Na, Cl, proline, and electrolyte leakage.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- bio and organic fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- Na and Cl contentse0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“such treatments resulted in reducing Na and Cl contents in both young and old leaves particularly in former ones, leaf proline content, and leaf electrolyte leakage.”
e1“bio and organic fertilizers used in this study”
e2“salinity hazard on tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
AM+PGPR had greater salinity alleviation than either component alone.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- AM+PGPRe0
- Outcome
- alleviation salinity stresse0
- Direction
- tremendouse0
- Comparator
- each component of both alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AM+PGPR and COM+HA both seems to be of a synergistic effect as they effect on alleviation salinity stress was tremendous than using each component of both alone.”
e1“salinity hazards on tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
COM+HA had greater salinity alleviation than either component alone.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- COM+HAe0
- Outcome
- alleviation salinity stresse0
- Direction
- tremendouse0
- Comparator
- each component of both alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AM+PGPR and COM+HA both seems to be of a synergistic effect as they effect on alleviation salinity stress was tremendous than using each component of both alone.”
e1“salinity hazards on tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
AM inoculation was among the most effective treatments for alleviating salinity hazards in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- AM inoculatione0
- Outcome
- alleviation salinity hazardse0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AM inoculation and COM application were the most effective treatments in terms of alleviation salinity hazards on tomato plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
COM application was among the most effective treatments for alleviating salinity hazards in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- COM applicatione0
- Outcome
- alleviation salinity hazardse0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AM inoculation and COM application were the most effective treatments in terms of alleviation salinity hazards on tomato plants.”
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