Abstract
ADP-ribosylation (ADPRylation) is a mechanism which post-translationally modifies proteins in eukaryotes in order to regulate a broad range of biological processes including programmed cell death, cell signaling, DNA repair, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Poly(ADP-ribosyl) polymerases (PARPs) play a key role in the process of ADPRylation, which modifies target proteins by attaching ADP-ribose molecules. Here, we investigated whether and how PARP1 and PARylation modulate responses of Nicotiana benthamiana plants to methyl viologen (MV)-induced oxidative stress. It was found that the burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell death, and loss of tissue viability invoked by MV in N. benthamiana leaves was significantly delayed by both the RNA silencing of the PARP1 gene and by applying the pharmacological inhibitor 3-aminobenzamide (3AB) to inhibit PARylation activity. This in turn reduced the accumulation of PARylated proteins and significantly increased the gene expression of major ROS scavenging enzymes including SOD (NbMnSOD; mitochondrial manganese SOD), CAT (NbCAT2), GR (NbGR), and APX (NbAPX5), and inhibited cell death. This mechanism may be part of a broader network that regulates plant sensitivity to oxidative stress through various genetically programmed pathways.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
RNA silencing of the PARP1 gene delayed burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
- Taxon
- N. benthamiana
Nicotiana benthamianae0 - Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- RNA silencing of the PARP1 genee0
- Outcome
- burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS)e0
- Direction
- delayede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell death, and loss of tissue viability invoked by MV in N. benthamiana leaves was significantly delayed by both the RNA silencing of the PARP1 gene and by applying the pharmacological inhibitor 3-aminobenzamide (3AB) to inhibit PARylation activity”
Claim · model-written summary
RNA silencing of the PARP1 gene delayed cell death.
- Taxon
- N. benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- RNA silencing of the PARP1 genee0
- Outcome
- cell deathe0
- Direction
- delayede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell death, and loss of tissue viability invoked by MV in N. benthamiana leaves was significantly delayed by both the RNA silencing of the PARP1 gene and by applying the pharmacological inhibitor 3-aminobenzamide (3AB) to inhibit PARylation activity”
Claim · model-written summary
RNA silencing of the PARP1 gene delayed loss of tissue viability.
- Taxon
- N. benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- RNA silencing of the PARP1 genee0
- Outcome
- loss of tissue viabilitye0
- Direction
- delayede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell death, and loss of tissue viability invoked by MV in N. benthamiana leaves was significantly delayed by both the RNA silencing of the PARP1 gene and by applying the pharmacological inhibitor 3-aminobenzamide (3AB) to inhibit PARylation activity”
Claim · model-written summary
applying the pharmacological inhibitor 3-aminobenzamide (3AB) delayed burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
- Taxon
- N. benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- applying the pharmacological inhibitor 3-aminobenzamide (3AB)e0
- Outcome
- burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS)e0
- Direction
- delayede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell death, and loss of tissue viability invoked by MV in N. benthamiana leaves was significantly delayed by both the RNA silencing of the PARP1 gene and by applying the pharmacological inhibitor 3-aminobenzamide (3AB) to inhibit PARylation activity”
Claim · model-written summary
applying the pharmacological inhibitor 3-aminobenzamide (3AB) delayed cell death.
- Taxon
- N. benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- applying the pharmacological inhibitor 3-aminobenzamide (3AB)e0
- Outcome
- cell deathe0
- Direction
- delayede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell death, and loss of tissue viability invoked by MV in N. benthamiana leaves was significantly delayed by both the RNA silencing of the PARP1 gene and by applying the pharmacological inhibitor 3-aminobenzamide (3AB) to inhibit PARylation activity”
Claim · model-written summary
applying the pharmacological inhibitor 3-aminobenzamide (3AB) delayed loss of tissue viability.
- Taxon
- N. benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- applying the pharmacological inhibitor 3-aminobenzamide (3AB)e0
- Outcome
- loss of tissue viabilitye0
- Direction
- delayede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell death, and loss of tissue viability invoked by MV in N. benthamiana leaves was significantly delayed by both the RNA silencing of the PARP1 gene and by applying the pharmacological inhibitor 3-aminobenzamide (3AB) to inhibit PARylation activity”
Claim · model-written summary
PARP1 suppression reduced PARylated protein accumulation.
- Taxon
- N. benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae0
- Treatment
- RNA silencing of the PARP1 genee0
- Outcome
- accumulation of PARylated proteinse1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell death, and loss of tissue viability invoked by MV in N. benthamiana leaves was significantly delayed by both the RNA silencing of the PARP1 gene and by applying the pharmacological inhibitor 3-aminobenzamide (3AB) to inhibit PARylation activity”
e1“This in turn reduced the accumulation of PARylated proteins and significantly increased the gene expression of major ROS scavenging enzymes including SOD (NbMnSOD; mitochondrial manganese SOD), CAT (NbCAT2), GR (NbGR), and APX (NbAPX5), and inhibited cell death”
Claim · model-written summary
PARP1 suppression increased expression of NbMnSOD.
- Taxon
- N. benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae0
- Treatment
- RNA silencing of the PARP1 genee0
- Gene
- NbMnSODe1
- Outcome
- gene expressione1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell death, and loss of tissue viability invoked by MV in N. benthamiana leaves was significantly delayed by both the RNA silencing of the PARP1 gene and by applying the pharmacological inhibitor 3-aminobenzamide (3AB) to inhibit PARylation activity”
e1“This in turn reduced the accumulation of PARylated proteins and significantly increased the gene expression of major ROS scavenging enzymes including SOD (NbMnSOD; mitochondrial manganese SOD), CAT (NbCAT2), GR (NbGR), and APX (NbAPX5), and inhibited cell death”
Claim · model-written summary
PARP1 suppression increased expression of NbCAT2.
- Taxon
- N. benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae0
- Treatment
- RNA silencing of the PARP1 genee0
- Gene
- NbCAT2e1
- Outcome
- gene expressione1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell death, and loss of tissue viability invoked by MV in N. benthamiana leaves was significantly delayed by both the RNA silencing of the PARP1 gene and by applying the pharmacological inhibitor 3-aminobenzamide (3AB) to inhibit PARylation activity”
e1“This in turn reduced the accumulation of PARylated proteins and significantly increased the gene expression of major ROS scavenging enzymes including SOD (NbMnSOD; mitochondrial manganese SOD), CAT (NbCAT2), GR (NbGR), and APX (NbAPX5), and inhibited cell death”
Claim · model-written summary
PARP1 suppression increased expression of NbGR.
- Taxon
- N. benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae0
- Treatment
- RNA silencing of the PARP1 genee0
- Gene
- NbGRe1
- Outcome
- gene expressione1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell death, and loss of tissue viability invoked by MV in N. benthamiana leaves was significantly delayed by both the RNA silencing of the PARP1 gene and by applying the pharmacological inhibitor 3-aminobenzamide (3AB) to inhibit PARylation activity”
e1“This in turn reduced the accumulation of PARylated proteins and significantly increased the gene expression of major ROS scavenging enzymes including SOD (NbMnSOD; mitochondrial manganese SOD), CAT (NbCAT2), GR (NbGR), and APX (NbAPX5), and inhibited cell death”
Claim · model-written summary
PARP1 suppression increased expression of NbAPX5.
- Taxon
- N. benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae0
- Treatment
- RNA silencing of the PARP1 genee0
- Gene
- NbAPX5e1
- Outcome
- gene expressione1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell death, and loss of tissue viability invoked by MV in N. benthamiana leaves was significantly delayed by both the RNA silencing of the PARP1 gene and by applying the pharmacological inhibitor 3-aminobenzamide (3AB) to inhibit PARylation activity”
e1“This in turn reduced the accumulation of PARylated proteins and significantly increased the gene expression of major ROS scavenging enzymes including SOD (NbMnSOD; mitochondrial manganese SOD), CAT (NbCAT2), GR (NbGR), and APX (NbAPX5), and inhibited cell death”
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