Abstract
Abstract Tropical and subtropical soils typically have high acidity and limited nutrient availability. Surface liming under no‐till systems ameliorates topsoil acidity in the short term, but it is generally slow to neutralize subsoil acidity. A field experiment was conducted in the period from 2016 to 2021 in Parana State, Brazil, on a loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Hapludox to evaluate the effects of surface application of lime combined with the use of monoammonium phosphate (MAP) and elemental S on soil acidity, root growth, plant nutrition and grain yields of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and soybean ( Glycine max. [L.] Merr.) under no‐till. Treatments consisted of a control (no amendments), surface lime (SL), SL + MAP and SL + MAP + elemental S. Applying lime to the soil surface increased soil pH, exchangeable Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ contents and base saturation, as well as reducing Al 3+ content and Al 3+ saturation throughout the soil profile. Such effects were more pronounced in the 0–10 cm layer and occurred to a lesser extent in the 10–100 cm layers. The addition of MAP or MAP + elemental S did not improve the effectiveness of surface liming in alleviating soil acidity throughout the soil profile. The root length per soil surface area to a depth of 100 cm exhibited a strong correlation with wheat yield, but not with soybean yield. Surface liming increased wheat yield by 40% and when lime application was combined with MAP + elemental S, the increase in wheat yield reached 74%. Surface liming resulted in a 36% increase in soybean yield, regardless of the use of MAP and elemental S. Thus, surface application of lime was effective in reducing soil acidity to a 100‐cm depth, regardless of fertilizer application with MAP and MAP + elemental S. The improving effects of surface liming had a more favourable impact on wheat root growth than on soybean root growth, probably because wheat was more affected than soybean by insufficient rainfall during the crop development cycle. Wheat showed a greater yield response to P and S fertilizer application than soybean.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Surface lime increased soil pH.
- Treatment
- Applying lime to the soil surfacee1
- Outcome
- soil pHe1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- control (no amendments)e2
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e1“Applying lime to the soil surface increased soil pH, exchangeable Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ contents and base saturation, as well as reducing Al 3+ content and Al 3+ saturation throughout the soil profile”
e2“Treatments consisted of a control (no amendments), surface lime (SL), SL + MAP and SL + MAP + elemental S”
Claim · model-written summary
Surface lime increased exchangeable Ca and Mg contents and base saturation.
- Treatment
- Applying lime to the soil surfacee1
- Outcome
- exchangeable Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ contents and base saturatione1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- control (no amendments)e2
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e1“Applying lime to the soil surface increased soil pH, exchangeable Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ contents and base saturation, as well as reducing Al 3+ content and Al 3+ saturation throughout the soil profile”
e2“Treatments consisted of a control (no amendments), surface lime (SL), SL + MAP and SL + MAP + elemental S”
Claim · model-written summary
Surface lime reduced Al3+ content and Al3+ saturation throughout the soil profile.
- Treatment
- Applying lime to the soil surfacee1
- Outcome
- Al 3+ content and Al 3+ saturatione1
- Direction
- reducinge1
- Qualifier
- throughout the soil profilee1
- Comparator
- control (no amendments)e2
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e1“Applying lime to the soil surface increased soil pH, exchangeable Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ contents and base saturation, as well as reducing Al 3+ content and Al 3+ saturation throughout the soil profile”
e2“Treatments consisted of a control (no amendments), surface lime (SL), SL + MAP and SL + MAP + elemental S”
Claim · model-written summary
Liming effects were more pronounced in the 0-10 cm layer than in the 10-100 cm layers.
- Outcome
- Such effectse3
- Qualifier
- occurred to a lesser extent in the 10–100 cm layerse3
- Setting
- 0–10 cm layere3
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e3“Such effects were more pronounced in the 0–10 cm layer and occurred to a lesser extent in the 10–100 cm layers”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding MAP or MAP + elemental S did not improve the effectiveness of surface liming in alleviating soil acidity.
- Treatment
- The addition of MAP or MAP + elemental Se4
- Outcome
- effectiveness of surface liming in alleviating soil aciditye4
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede4
- Qualifier
- throughout the soil profilee4
- Comparator
- surface liminge4
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e4“The addition of MAP or MAP + elemental S did not improve the effectiveness of surface liming in alleviating soil acidity throughout the soil profile”
Claim · model-written summary
Root length per soil surface area to 100 cm showed a strong correlation with wheat yield.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume5 - Organ / stage
- roote5
- Outcome
- wheat yielde5
- Qualifier
- strong correlatione5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“The root length per soil surface area to a depth of 100 cm exhibited a strong correlation with wheat yield, but not with soybean yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Root length per soil surface area to 100 cm was not correlated with soybean yield.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe5 - Organ / stage
- roote5
- Outcome
- soybean yielde5
- Qualifier
- root length per soil surface area to a depth of 100 cme5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“The root length per soil surface area to a depth of 100 cm exhibited a strong correlation with wheat yield, but not with soybean yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Surface liming increased wheat yield by 40%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume6
- Treatment
- Surface liminge6
- Outcome
- wheat yielde6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Value
- 40%e6
- Comparator
- control (no amendments)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Surface liming increased wheat yield by 40%”
e2“Treatments consisted of a control (no amendments), surface lime (SL), SL + MAP and SL + MAP + elemental S”
Claim · model-written summary
Lime combined with MAP and elemental S increased wheat yield by 74%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume7
- Treatment
- lime application was combined with MAP + elemental Se7
- Outcome
- wheat yielde7
- Direction
- increasee7
- Value
- 74%e7
- Comparator
- control (no amendments)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“when lime application was combined with MAP + elemental S, the increase in wheat yield reached 74%”
e2“Treatments consisted of a control (no amendments), surface lime (SL), SL + MAP and SL + MAP + elemental S”
Claim · model-written summary
Surface liming increased soybean yield by 36%, regardless of MAP and elemental S.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe3
- Treatment
- Surface liminge3
- Outcome
- soybean yielde3
- Direction
- increasee3
- Value
- 36%e3
- Comparator
- control (no amendments)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Surface liming resulted in a 36% increase in soybean yield, regardless of the use of MAP and elemental S”
e2“Treatments consisted of a control (no amendments), surface lime (SL), SL + MAP and SL + MAP + elemental S”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat showed a greater yield response to P and S fertilizer than soybean.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume3
- Treatment
- P and S fertilizer applicatione3
- Outcome
- yield responsee3
- Direction
- greatere3
- Comparator
- soybeane3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Wheat showed a greater yield response to P and S fertilizer application than soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Surface liming had a more favourable impact on wheat root growth than on soybean root growth.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume3
- Treatment
- surface liminge3
- Outcome
- wheat root growthe3
- Direction
- more favourablee3
- Comparator
- soybean root growthe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“The improving effects of surface liming had a more favourable impact on wheat root growth than on soybean root growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat was more affected than soybean by insufficient rainfall, which is suggested to explain its greater root response.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume3
- Outcome
- wheat was more affected than soybeane3
- Qualifier
- insufficient rainfall during the crop development cyclee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“probably because wheat was more affected than soybean by insufficient rainfall during the crop development cycle”
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