Abstract
The usage of microbes and biochar (BC) is fundamental in decreasing the impacts of salinity stress by promoting plant growth and development. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and phosphorous (P)-enriched BC on the plant growth and biochemical characteristics for three lines of sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) in saline soils. The study was designed with salinity at 100 mM NaCl and PSB ( Bacillus subtilis ) with 10 9 CFU and BC at 1500 Kg ha -1 in the sunflower lines including RGK38 (salt-sensitive), BGK35 (salt-moderately sensitive), and BGK259 (salt-tolerant) based on completely randomized block design (CRBD) in five replicates. Salinity considerably reduced grain yield, thousand grain weight (TGW), oil content, oil yield, chlorophyll (Chl) content, relative water content (RWC), K, and P, while enhancing malondialdehyde (MDA), electrolyte leakage (EL), Na + , and Cl - in all lines of sunflower with high rate in RGK38. The use of integrated PSB and BC contributed to increases in plant yield. In RGK38 exposed to salinity, PSB+BC raised grain yield (16%), oil yield (27%), RWC (14%), Chl a + b (24%), K (22%), P (127%), but lowered MDA (26%), Na + (36%), and Cl - (41%). Heat map analysis revealed that RGK38 stood out significantly from the other two sunflower lines with the maximum variability under the treatments. MDA showed the most variability among the lines as an indicator of identifying the susceptibility to salinity, PSB, and BC. This study has encouraging implications for agricultural operations in stress-affected areas by highlighting the potential of combining PSB and BC as environmentally acceptable and sustainable ways to increase plant resilience in salty soils.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced grain yield, thousand grain weight and oil content of sunflower lines.
- Taxon
- sunflower
Helianthus annuust0 - Treatment
- Salinitye0
- Outcome
- grain yield, thousand grain weight (TGW), oil contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“three sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) lines”
e0“Salinity considerably reduced grain yield, thousand grain weight (TGW), oil content, oil yield, chlorophyll (Chl) content, relative water content (RWC), K, and P”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced oil yield, chlorophyll content and relative water content of sunflower lines.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Salinitye0
- Outcome
- oil yield, chlorophyll (Chl) content, relative water content (RWC)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“three sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) lines”
e0“Salinity considerably reduced grain yield, thousand grain weight (TGW), oil content, oil yield, chlorophyll (Chl) content, relative water content (RWC), K, and P”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced K and P of sunflower lines.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Salinitye0
- Outcome
- K, and Pe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“three sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) lines”
e0“Salinity considerably reduced grain yield, thousand grain weight (TGW), oil content, oil yield, chlorophyll (Chl) content, relative water content (RWC), K, and P”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity enhanced malondialdehyde, electrolyte leakage and Na+ in sunflower lines.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Salinitye0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA), electrolyte leakage (EL), Na +e1
- Direction
- enhancinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“three sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) lines”
e0“Salinity considerably reduced grain yield, thousand grain weight (TGW), oil content, oil yield, chlorophyll (Chl) content, relative water content (RWC), K, and P”
e1“while enhancing malondialdehyde (MDA), electrolyte leakage (EL), Na + , and Cl - in all lines of sunflower with high rate in RGK38”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity enhanced Cl- in sunflower lines.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Salinitye0
- Outcome
- Cl -e1
- Direction
- enhancinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“three sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) lines”
e0“Salinity considerably reduced grain yield, thousand grain weight (TGW), oil content, oil yield, chlorophyll (Chl) content, relative water content (RWC), K, and P”
e1“while enhancing malondialdehyde (MDA), electrolyte leakage (EL), Na + , and Cl - in all lines of sunflower with high rate in RGK38”
Claim · model-written summary
PSB+BC raised grain yield by 16% in RGK38 under salinity.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Material
- RGK38e2
- Treatment
- PSB+BCe2
- Interactor
- Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilise3symbiont - Outcome
- grain yielde2
- Direction
- raisede2
- Value
- 16%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“three sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) lines”
e2“In RGK38 exposed to salinity, PSB+BC raised grain yield (16%), oil yield (27%), RWC (14%), Chl a + b (24%), K (22%), P (127%), but lowered MDA (26%), Na + (36%), and Cl - (41%)”
e3“PSB ( Bacillus subtilis ) with 10 9 CFU”
Claim · model-written summary
PSB+BC raised oil yield by 27% in RGK38 under salinity.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Material
- RGK38e2
- Treatment
- PSB+BCe2
- Interactor
- Bacillus subtilisBacillus subtilise3symbiont
- Outcome
- oil yielde2
- Direction
- raisede2
- Value
- 27%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“three sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) lines”
e2“In RGK38 exposed to salinity, PSB+BC raised grain yield (16%), oil yield (27%), RWC (14%), Chl a + b (24%), K (22%), P (127%), but lowered MDA (26%), Na + (36%), and Cl - (41%)”
e3“PSB ( Bacillus subtilis ) with 10 9 CFU”
Claim · model-written summary
PSB+BC raised relative water content by 14% in RGK38 under salinity.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Material
- RGK38e2
- Treatment
- PSB+BCe2
- Interactor
- Bacillus subtilisBacillus subtilise3symbiont
- Outcome
- RWCe2
- Direction
- raisede2
- Value
- 14%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“three sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) lines”
e2“In RGK38 exposed to salinity, PSB+BC raised grain yield (16%), oil yield (27%), RWC (14%), Chl a + b (24%), K (22%), P (127%), but lowered MDA (26%), Na + (36%), and Cl - (41%)”
e3“PSB ( Bacillus subtilis ) with 10 9 CFU”
Claim · model-written summary
PSB+BC raised chlorophyll a+b content by 24% in RGK38 under salinity.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Material
- RGK38e2
- Treatment
- PSB+BCe2
- Interactor
- Bacillus subtilisBacillus subtilise3symbiont
- Outcome
- Chl a + be2
- Direction
- raisede2
- Value
- 24%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“three sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) lines”
e2“In RGK38 exposed to salinity, PSB+BC raised grain yield (16%), oil yield (27%), RWC (14%), Chl a + b (24%), K (22%), P (127%), but lowered MDA (26%), Na + (36%), and Cl - (41%)”
e3“PSB ( Bacillus subtilis ) with 10 9 CFU”
Claim · model-written summary
PSB+BC raised K content by 22% in RGK38 under salinity.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Material
- RGK38e2
- Treatment
- PSB+BCe2
- Interactor
- Bacillus subtilisBacillus subtilise3symbiont
- Outcome
- Ke2
- Direction
- raisede2
- Value
- 22%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“three sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) lines”
e2“In RGK38 exposed to salinity, PSB+BC raised grain yield (16%), oil yield (27%), RWC (14%), Chl a + b (24%), K (22%), P (127%), but lowered MDA (26%), Na + (36%), and Cl - (41%)”
e3“PSB ( Bacillus subtilis ) with 10 9 CFU”
Claim · model-written summary
PSB+BC raised P content by 127% in RGK38 under salinity.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Material
- RGK38e2
- Treatment
- PSB+BCe2
- Interactor
- Bacillus subtilisBacillus subtilise3symbiont
- Outcome
- Pe2
- Direction
- raisede2
- Value
- 127%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“three sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) lines”
e2“In RGK38 exposed to salinity, PSB+BC raised grain yield (16%), oil yield (27%), RWC (14%), Chl a + b (24%), K (22%), P (127%), but lowered MDA (26%), Na + (36%), and Cl - (41%)”
e3“PSB ( Bacillus subtilis ) with 10 9 CFU”
Claim · model-written summary
PSB+BC lowered MDA by 26% in RGK38 under salinity.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Material
- RGK38e2
- Treatment
- PSB+BCe2
- Interactor
- Bacillus subtilisBacillus subtilise3symbiont
- Outcome
- MDAe2
- Direction
- lowerede2
- Value
- 26%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“three sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) lines”
e2“In RGK38 exposed to salinity, PSB+BC raised grain yield (16%), oil yield (27%), RWC (14%), Chl a + b (24%), K (22%), P (127%), but lowered MDA (26%), Na + (36%), and Cl - (41%)”
e3“PSB ( Bacillus subtilis ) with 10 9 CFU”
Claim · model-written summary
PSB+BC lowered Na+ by 36% in RGK38 under salinity.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Material
- RGK38e2
- Treatment
- PSB+BCe2
- Interactor
- Bacillus subtilisBacillus subtilise3symbiont
- Outcome
- Na +e2
- Direction
- lowerede2
- Value
- 36%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“three sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) lines”
e2“In RGK38 exposed to salinity, PSB+BC raised grain yield (16%), oil yield (27%), RWC (14%), Chl a + b (24%), K (22%), P (127%), but lowered MDA (26%), Na + (36%), and Cl - (41%)”
e3“PSB ( Bacillus subtilis ) with 10 9 CFU”
Claim · model-written summary
PSB+BC lowered Cl- by 41% in RGK38 under salinity.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Material
- RGK38e2
- Treatment
- PSB+BCe2
- Interactor
- Bacillus subtilisBacillus subtilise3symbiont
- Outcome
- Cl -e2
- Direction
- lowerede2
- Value
- 41%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“three sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) lines”
e2“In RGK38 exposed to salinity, PSB+BC raised grain yield (16%), oil yield (27%), RWC (14%), Chl a + b (24%), K (22%), P (127%), but lowered MDA (26%), Na + (36%), and Cl - (41%)”
e3“PSB ( Bacillus subtilis ) with 10 9 CFU”
Claim · model-written summary
RGK38 stood out significantly from the other two sunflower lines with the maximum variability under the treatments.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Material
- RGK38e5
- Outcome
- variabilitye5
- Qualifier
- maximume5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“three sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) lines”
e5“Heat map analysis revealed that RGK38 stood out significantly from the other two sunflower lines with the maximum variability under the treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
MDA showed the most variability among the lines as an indicator of susceptibility to salinity, PSB and BC.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Compound
- MDAe6
- Outcome
- most variabilitye6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“three sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) lines”
e6“MDA showed the most variability among the lines as an indicator of identifying the susceptibility to salinity, PSB, and BC”
Claim · model-written summary
Integrated PSB and BC increased sunflower plant yield under salinity.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- integrated PSB and BCe4
- Outcome
- plant yielde4
- Direction
- increasese4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“three sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) lines”
e4“The use of integrated PSB and BC contributed to increases in plant yield”
The same questions in other papers
salinity · yield · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Results differ
21 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
20 papers more in this group
See all 24 papers →phosphorus · yield · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Results differ
78 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- positive
77 papers more in this group
See all 81 papers →salinity · physiology: oxidative · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Positive and negative results
12 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
10 papers more in this group
See all 14 papers →inoculation · yield · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Positive and negative results
47 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- no effect
- no effect
51 papers more in this group
See all 55 papers →salinity · physiology: water · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Results agree
7 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
- negative
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →biochar · yield · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Results agree
15 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
12 papers more in this group
See all 16 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.