Abstract
ABSTRACT Nitrogen (N) is the most important nutrient for crop plants to achieve their yield potential, yet it is also recognized as a major pollutant of the environment due to often‐excessive N‐fertilizer use. The world has been struggling for decades to improve N use efficiency (NUE) beyond 50%. Nano‐nitrogen, a nanoparticle‐based liquid N‐fertilizer, has been reported to improve crop yield, yet any gain in NUE is uncertain. Field and controlled tests on the usage of nano‐nitrogen in rice(scented)‐wheat systems and its impact on crop yield, growth responses, and NUE were conducted to ascertain this. The study included 10 strategies for the integration of nano‐nitrogen with the conventional practice of prilled urea, including four with varying degrees of replacement of soil‐applied prilled urea by foliar applied nano‐nitrogen (33%, 50%, 66%, and 100%), two with augmentation using additional inputs (micronutrients, and sea‐weed fertilizer), and two with sensor‐based fertilizer scheduling using leaf color chart (LCC) and greenseeker (GS). The controls included ‘100% prilled urea’ (R0; no replacement) and ‘no N fertilizer at all’ (No‐N). Replacing prilled urea with foliar applied nano‐nitrogen up to 33% in the rice‐wheat system [2 soil applications of prilled urea (2/3rd of currently recommended fertilizer) and 1 foliar application of nano‐nitrogen (3 mL per liter)] was found to significantly improve achievable NUE. Up to 33% replacement of conventionally used prilled urea by nano‐nitrogen (2 soil‐1 foliar scenario) did not significantly affect grain yield as well as N yield for the rice‐wheat cropping system; however, it saved 80 kg N application, which translates to 4848 MJ energy saving per hectare in the rice (scented)‐wheat cropping system. Augmentation with seaweed fertilizer, biofertilizer, and micronutrients further improved yield and energy efficiency (13% higher) compared to 100% N via prilled urea. With 13.5 M ha of area under the rice‐wheat system in the Indo‐Gangetic plain, a saving of at least 65 PJ of energy is achievable from the region. More sustainable N use in rice (scented)‐wheat systems can be achieved by transitioning from soil‐based to soil‐foliar hybrid application technique.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Replacing up to 33% of prilled urea with foliar nano-nitrogen significantly improved achievable NUE in rice-wheat.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- Replacing prilled urea with foliar appliede0
- Outcome
- achievable NUEe1
- Direction
- improvee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Replacing prilled urea with foliar applied nano‐nitrogen up to 33% in the rice‐wheat system”
e1“was found to significantly improve achievable NUE”
Claim · model-written summary
Up to 33% replacement of prilled urea did not significantly change grain yield or N yield in rice-wheat.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- Up to 33% replacement of conventionally used prilled ureae2
- Outcome
- grain yield as well as N yielde2
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Up to 33% replacement of conventionally used prilled urea by nano‐nitrogen (2 soil‐1 foliar scenario) did not significantly affect grain yield as well as N yield for the rice‐wheat cropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Replacing up to 33% of prilled urea saved 80 kg N application per hectare.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Replacing prilled urea with foliar appliede0
- Outcome
- N applicatione3
- Direction
- savede3
- Value
- 80 kg Ne3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Replacing prilled urea with foliar applied nano‐nitrogen up to 33% in the rice‐wheat system”
e3“it saved 80 kg N application”
Claim · model-written summary
Replacing up to 33% of prilled urea saved 4848 MJ of energy per hectare.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Replacing prilled urea with foliar appliede0
- Outcome
- energy saving per hectaree4
- Direction
- savinge4
- Value
- 4848 MJe4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Replacing prilled urea with foliar applied nano‐nitrogen up to 33% in the rice‐wheat system”
e4“4848 MJ energy saving per hectare”
Claim · model-written summary
Augmenting nano-nitrogen with seaweed fertilizer, biofertilizer and micronutrients further improved yield compared with 100% prilled urea.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Augmentation with seaweed fertilizer, biofertilizer, and micronutrientse5
- Outcome
- yielde5
- Direction
- improvede5
- Comparator
- 100% N via prilled ureae5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Replacing prilled urea with foliar applied nano‐nitrogen up to 33% in the rice‐wheat system”
e5“Augmentation with seaweed fertilizer, biofertilizer, and micronutrients further improved yield and energy efficiency (13% higher) compared to 100% N via prilled urea”
Claim · model-written summary
Augmenting nano-nitrogen with seaweed fertilizer, biofertilizer and micronutrients improved energy efficiency by 13% compared with 100% prilled urea.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Augmentation with seaweed fertilizer, biofertilizer, and micronutrientse5
- Outcome
- energy efficiencye5
- Direction
- improvede5
- Value
- 13% highere5
- Comparator
- 100% N via prilled ureae5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Replacing prilled urea with foliar applied nano‐nitrogen up to 33% in the rice‐wheat system”
e5“Augmentation with seaweed fertilizer, biofertilizer, and micronutrients further improved yield and energy efficiency (13% higher) compared to 100% N via prilled urea”
Claim · model-written summary
About 65 PJ of energy is achievable from the rice-wheat area of the Indo-Gangetic plain.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae7
- Outcome
- a saving of at least 65 PJ of energye7
- Value
- 65 PJe7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“With 13.5 M ha of area under the rice‐wheat system in the Indo‐Gangetic plain, a saving of at least 65 PJ of energy is achievable from the region”
Claim · model-written summary
Transitioning from soil-based to soil-foliar hybrid application can achieve more sustainable N use in rice-wheat systems.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae6
- Outcome
- More sustainable N usee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“More sustainable N use in rice (scented)‐wheat systems can be achieved by transitioning from soil‐based to soil‐foliar hybrid application technique”
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