Abstract
The optimization of Cannabis sativa L. germination is vital for achieving controlled and uniform cultivation, especially given its growing significance as a medicinal plant rich in bioactive compounds. Since germination strongly impacts subsequent agronomic performance, it requires specific environmental conditions. This study assessed several treatments to improve the in vitro germination of two Moroccan varieties, Beldia and Khardala, including gibberellic acid, hydrogen peroxide, temperature, photoperiod exposure, total darkness, mechanical scarification and salt stress induced by increasing concentrations of NaCl (0, 42.8, 85.5, 171.1, 256.6 and 513.3 mM). Each treatment was performed on a large number of seeds per variety and results were analysed using two-way ANOVA followed by Duncans’ test with P < 0.05. Results revealed that photoperiod exposure moderately stimulated germination (50 %), while hydrogen peroxide (1.5 %) increased it to 77.7 % by reducing the level of abscisic acid, which is responsible for germination inhibition. Gibberellic acid (1.2–1.4 mg/L) further enhanced germination to over 80 % by inhibiting embryonic dormancy and stimulating hormonal pathways. Low-temperature treatment (5 °C) yielded an 83 % germination rate. Mechanical scarification was the most effective method, achieving approximately 90 % germination. In contrast, salinity stress progressively inhibited germination: at 513.3 mM NaCl, germination dropped to 20 % in Khardala and 0 % in Beldia. Seedling growth, including shoot and root length, leaf number and fresh and dry biomass, was also significantly reduced, with root development particularly affected. At 85.5 mM NaCl, root growth declined by 62 % in Beldia and 88.7 % in Khardala, indicating greater salinity sensitivity in Khardala. In conclusion, optimising germination conditions and selecting salt-tolerant varieties are essential for improving the in vitro culture of C. sativa and producing plants better adapted to saline stress.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Photoperiod exposure stimulated Cannabis germination to 50%.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativa L.
Cannabis sativat0 - Treatment
- photoperiod exposuree0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- moderately stimulatede0
- Value
- 50 %e0
- Comparator
- germinatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results revealed that photoperiod exposure moderately stimulated germination (50 %), while hydrogen peroxide (1.5 %) increased it to 77.7 % by reducing the level of abscisic acid, which is responsible for germination inhibition.”
t0“Cannabis sativa L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydrogen peroxide at 1.5% increased Cannabis germination to 77.7%.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativa L.Cannabis sativat0
- Treatment
- hydrogen peroxide (1.5 %)e0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 77.7 %e0
- Comparator
- photoperiod exposuree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results revealed that photoperiod exposure moderately stimulated germination (50 %), while hydrogen peroxide (1.5 %) increased it to 77.7 % by reducing the level of abscisic acid, which is responsible for germination inhibition.”
t0“Cannabis sativa L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydrogen peroxide reduced abscisic acid associated with germination inhibition.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativa L.Cannabis sativat0
- Treatment
- hydrogen peroxide (1.5 %)e0
- Outcome
- level of abscisic acide0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- 77.7 %e0
- Comparator
- germination inhibitione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“hydrogen peroxide (1.5 %) increased it to 77.7 % by reducing the level of abscisic acid, which is responsible for germination inhibition.”
t0“Cannabis sativa L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Gibberellic acid at 1.2–1.4 mg/L enhanced germination to over 80%.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativa L.Cannabis sativat0
- Treatment
- Gibberellic acid (1.2–1.4 mg/L)e0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- over 80 %e0
- Comparator
- germinatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Gibberellic acid (1.2–1.4 mg/L) further enhanced germination to over 80 % by inhibiting embryonic dormancy and stimulating hormonal pathways.”
t0“Cannabis sativa L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Gibberellic acid inhibited embryonic dormancy and stimulated hormonal pathways.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativa L.Cannabis sativat0
- Treatment
- Gibberellic acid (1.2–1.4 mg/L)e0
- Outcome
- embryonic dormancy and stimulating hormonal pathwayse0
- Direction
- inhibitinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Gibberellic acid (1.2–1.4 mg/L) further enhanced germination to over 80 % by inhibiting embryonic dormancy and stimulating hormonal pathways.”
t0“Cannabis sativa L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Low temperature at 5 °C yielded 83% germination.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativa L.Cannabis sativat0
- Treatment
- Low-temperature treatment (5 °C)e0
- Outcome
- germination ratee0
- Direction
- yieldede0
- Value
- 83 %e0
- Comparator
- germination ratee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Low-temperature treatment (5 °C) yielded an 83 % germination rate.”
t0“Cannabis sativa L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mechanical scarification achieved approximately 90% germination, the highest among treatments.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativa L.Cannabis sativat0
- Treatment
- Mechanical scarificatione0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
- Value
- approximately 90 %e0
- Comparator
- methode0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mechanical scarification was the most effective method, achieving approximately 90 % germination.”
t0“Cannabis sativa L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity progressively inhibited Cannabis germination.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativa L.Cannabis sativat0
- Treatment
- salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- progressively inhibitede0
- Comparator
- germinatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In contrast, salinity stress progressively inhibited germination: at 513.3 mM NaCl, germination dropped to 20 % in Khardala and 0 % in Beldia.”
t0“Cannabis sativa L.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 513.3 mM NaCl, Khardala germination fell to 20%.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativa L.Cannabis sativat0
- Material
- Khardalae0
- Treatment
- 513.3 mM NaCle0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- droppede0
- Value
- 20 %e0
- Comparator
- germinatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at 513.3 mM NaCl, germination dropped to 20 % in Khardala and 0 % in Beldia.”
t0“Cannabis sativa L.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 513.3 mM NaCl, Beldia germination fell to zero.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativa L.Cannabis sativat0
- Material
- Beldiae0
- Treatment
- 513.3 mM NaCle0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- droppede0
- Value
- 0 %e0
- Comparator
- germinatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at 513.3 mM NaCl, germination dropped to 20 % in Khardala and 0 % in Beldia.”
t0“Cannabis sativa L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress significantly reduced seedling shoot and root lengths and leaf number.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativa L.Cannabis sativat0
- Treatment
- salt stresst1
- Outcome
- shoot and root length, leaf numbere0
- Direction
- significantly reducede0
- Comparator
- Seedling growthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seedling growth, including shoot and root length, leaf number and fresh and dry biomass, was also significantly reduced, with root development particularly affected.”
t0“Cannabis sativa L.”
t1“salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress significantly reduced seedling fresh and dry biomass.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativa L.Cannabis sativat0
- Treatment
- salt stresst1
- Outcome
- fresh and dry biomasse0
- Direction
- significantly reducede0
- Comparator
- Seedling growthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seedling growth, including shoot and root length, leaf number and fresh and dry biomass, was also significantly reduced, with root development particularly affected.”
t0“Cannabis sativa L.”
t1“salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
At 85.5 mM NaCl, Beldia root growth declined 62%.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativa L.Cannabis sativat0
- Material
- Beldiae0
- Treatment
- 85.5 mM NaCle0
- Outcome
- root growthe0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Value
- 62 %e0
- Comparator
- root growthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At 85.5 mM NaCl, root growth declined by 62 % in Beldia and 88.7 % in Khardala, indicating greater salinity sensitivity in Khardala.”
t0“Cannabis sativa L.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 85.5 mM NaCl, Khardala root growth declined 88.7%.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativa L.Cannabis sativat0
- Material
- Khardalae0
- Treatment
- 85.5 mM NaCle0
- Outcome
- root growthe0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Value
- 88.7 %e0
- Comparator
- root growthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At 85.5 mM NaCl, root growth declined by 62 % in Beldia and 88.7 % in Khardala, indicating greater salinity sensitivity in Khardala.”
t0“Cannabis sativa L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Khardala was more sensitive to salinity than Beldia.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativa L.Cannabis sativat0
- Material
- Khardalae0
- Outcome
- salinity sensitivitye0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- Beldiae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At 85.5 mM NaCl, root growth declined by 62 % in Beldia and 88.7 % in Khardala, indicating greater salinity sensitivity in Khardala.”
t0“Cannabis sativa L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimizing germination conditions and selecting salt-tolerant varieties is recommended for in vitro Cannabis culture.
- Taxon
- C. sativaCannabis sativae0
- Outcome
- improving the in vitro culturee0
- Direction
- essentiale0
- Qualifier
- saline stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In conclusion, optimising germination conditions and selecting salt-tolerant varieties are essential for improving the in vitro culture of C. sativa and producing plants better adapted to saline stress.”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.