Abstract
High temperature stress (HT) is a major abiotic factor limiting global crop production. Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is particularly susceptible to heat stress, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we integrated physiological, transcriptomic, and functional analyses to elucidate the response of cotton material ZhongMianSuo087 (ZMS087) to HT. Field-based assays revealed that heat stress compromised cotton productivity by impairing pollen viability, reducing chlorophyll biosynthesis and leaf area, and altering biomass partitioning, leading to significant yield losses. Controlled-environment experiments demonstrated that heat stress disrupted oxidative homeostasis and photosynthetic capacity, as evidenced by increased lipid peroxidation and osmoregulatory accumulation, reduced antioxidant enzyme activities, and decreased chlorophyll content. Transcriptome sequencing identified 5211 differentially expressed genes, with significant activation of the raffinose metabolic process. GhRS2 and GhGOLS1 emerged as key upregulated genes, corresponding with increased raffinose content. Functional validation via virus-induced gene silencing demonstrated that silencing either gene compromised thermotolerance by reducing raffinose accumulation, impairing antioxidant enzyme activities, and exacerbating oxidative damage. Furthermore, exogenous application of raffinose (20-200 mg/L) alleviated heat-induced damage by improving leaf water status, enhancing survival rates, and promoting biomass accumulation. Collectively, This study provides species-specific functional evidence in cotton that the GhRS2/GhGOLS1-mediated raffinose biosynthesis pathway positively regulates thermotolerance, and reveals a mechanistic link between raffinose metabolism and antioxidant responses under heat stress.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress reduced chlorophyll biosynthesis and leaf area of cotton in field assays.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutum L.
Gossypium hirsutume0 - Treatment
- heat stresse1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll biosynthesis and leaf areae1
- Direction
- reducinge1
- Setting
- Field-based assayse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is particularly susceptible to heat stress”
e1“Field-based assays revealed that heat stress compromised cotton productivity by impairing pollen viability, reducing chlorophyll biosynthesis and leaf area, and altering biomass partitioning, leading to significant yield losses”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress impaired pollen viability of cotton in field assays.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutum L.Gossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- heat stresse1
- Outcome
- pollen viabilitye1
- Direction
- impairinge1
- Setting
- Field-based assayse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is particularly susceptible to heat stress”
e1“Field-based assays revealed that heat stress compromised cotton productivity by impairing pollen viability, reducing chlorophyll biosynthesis and leaf area, and altering biomass partitioning, leading to significant yield losses”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress led to significant yield losses in cotton in field assays.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutum L.Gossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- heat stresse1
- Outcome
- yield lossese1
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede1
- Qualifier
- significante1
- Setting
- Field-based assayse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is particularly susceptible to heat stress”
e1“Field-based assays revealed that heat stress compromised cotton productivity by impairing pollen viability, reducing chlorophyll biosynthesis and leaf area, and altering biomass partitioning, leading to significant yield losses”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress altered biomass partitioning in cotton.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutum L.Gossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- heat stresse1
- Outcome
- biomass partitioninge1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is particularly susceptible to heat stress”
e1“Field-based assays revealed that heat stress compromised cotton productivity by impairing pollen viability, reducing chlorophyll biosynthesis and leaf area, and altering biomass partitioning, leading to significant yield losses”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress increased lipid peroxidation and osmoregulatory accumulation in cotton under controlled conditions.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutum L.Gossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- heat stresse2
- Outcome
- lipid peroxidation and osmoregulatory accumulatione2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Setting
- Controlled-environmente2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is particularly susceptible to heat stress”
e2“Controlled-environment experiments demonstrated that heat stress disrupted oxidative homeostasis and photosynthetic capacity, as evidenced by increased lipid peroxidation and osmoregulatory accumulation, reduced antioxidant enzyme activities, and decreased chlorophyll content”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress reduced antioxidant enzyme activities in cotton under controlled conditions.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutum L.Gossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- heat stresse2
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme activitiese2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Setting
- Controlled-environmente2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is particularly susceptible to heat stress”
e2“Controlled-environment experiments demonstrated that heat stress disrupted oxidative homeostasis and photosynthetic capacity, as evidenced by increased lipid peroxidation and osmoregulatory accumulation, reduced antioxidant enzyme activities, and decreased chlorophyll content”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress decreased chlorophyll content in cotton under controlled conditions.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutum L.Gossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- heat stresse2
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Setting
- Controlled-environmente2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is particularly susceptible to heat stress”
e2“Controlled-environment experiments demonstrated that heat stress disrupted oxidative homeostasis and photosynthetic capacity, as evidenced by increased lipid peroxidation and osmoregulatory accumulation, reduced antioxidant enzyme activities, and decreased chlorophyll content”
Claim · model-written summary
Transcriptome sequencing identified 5211 differentially expressed genes in heat-stressed cotton.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutum L.Gossypium hirsutume0
- Outcome
- differentially expressed genese3
- Value
- 5211e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is particularly susceptible to heat stress”
e3“Transcriptome sequencing identified 5211 differentially expressed genes, with significant activation of the raffinose metabolic process”
Claim · model-written summary
The raffinose metabolic process was significantly activated in heat-stressed cotton transcriptomes.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutum L.Gossypium hirsutume0
- Outcome
- raffinose metabolic processe3
- Qualifier
- significant activatione3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is particularly susceptible to heat stress”
e3“Transcriptome sequencing identified 5211 differentially expressed genes, with significant activation of the raffinose metabolic process”
Claim · model-written summary
GhRS2 and GhGOLS1 were key upregulated genes under heat stress.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutum L.Gossypium hirsutume0
- Gene
- GhRS2 and GhGOLS1e4
- Outcome
- key upregulated genese4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is particularly susceptible to heat stress”
e4“GhRS2 and GhGOLS1 emerged as key upregulated genes, corresponding with increased raffinose content”
Claim · model-written summary
The expression of GhRS2 and GhGOLS1 corresponded with increased raffinose content in cotton.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutum L.Gossypium hirsutume0
- Gene
- GhRS2 and GhGOLS1e4
- Compound
- raffinosee4
- Outcome
- raffinose contente4
- Direction
- increasede4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is particularly susceptible to heat stress”
e4“GhRS2 and GhGOLS1 emerged as key upregulated genes, corresponding with increased raffinose content”
Claim · model-written summary
Virus-induced silencing of GhRS2 or GhGOLS1 reduced raffinose accumulation in cotton under heat stress.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutum L.Gossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- virus-induced gene silencinge5
- Outcome
- raffinose accumulatione5
- Direction
- reducinge5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is particularly susceptible to heat stress”
e5“Functional validation via virus-induced gene silencing demonstrated that silencing either gene compromised thermotolerance by reducing raffinose accumulation, impairing antioxidant enzyme activities, and exacerbating oxidative damage”
Claim · model-written summary
Virus-induced silencing of GhRS2 or GhGOLS1 impaired antioxidant enzyme activities in cotton under heat stress.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutum L.Gossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- virus-induced gene silencinge5
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme activitiese5
- Direction
- impairinge5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is particularly susceptible to heat stress”
e5“Functional validation via virus-induced gene silencing demonstrated that silencing either gene compromised thermotolerance by reducing raffinose accumulation, impairing antioxidant enzyme activities, and exacerbating oxidative damage”
Claim · model-written summary
Virus-induced silencing of GhRS2 or GhGOLS1 exacerbated oxidative damage in cotton under heat stress.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutum L.Gossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- virus-induced gene silencinge5
- Outcome
- oxidative damagee5
- Direction
- exacerbatinge5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is particularly susceptible to heat stress”
e5“Functional validation via virus-induced gene silencing demonstrated that silencing either gene compromised thermotolerance by reducing raffinose accumulation, impairing antioxidant enzyme activities, and exacerbating oxidative damage”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous raffinose alleviated heat-induced damage in cotton.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutum L.Gossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- exogenous application of raffinose (20-200 mg/L)e6
- Outcome
- heat-induced damagee6
- Direction
- alleviatede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is particularly susceptible to heat stress”
e6“exogenous application of raffinose (20-200 mg/L) alleviated heat-induced damage by improving leaf water status, enhancing survival rates, and promoting biomass accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous raffinose improved leaf water status of heat-stressed cotton.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutum L.Gossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- exogenous application of raffinose (20-200 mg/L)e6
- Outcome
- leaf water statuse6
- Direction
- improvinge6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is particularly susceptible to heat stress”
e6“exogenous application of raffinose (20-200 mg/L) alleviated heat-induced damage by improving leaf water status, enhancing survival rates, and promoting biomass accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous raffinose enhanced survival rates of heat-stressed cotton.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutum L.Gossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- exogenous application of raffinose (20-200 mg/L)e6
- Outcome
- survival ratese6
- Direction
- enhancinge6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is particularly susceptible to heat stress”
e6“exogenous application of raffinose (20-200 mg/L) alleviated heat-induced damage by improving leaf water status, enhancing survival rates, and promoting biomass accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous raffinose promoted biomass accumulation of heat-stressed cotton.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutum L.Gossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- exogenous application of raffinose (20-200 mg/L)e6
- Outcome
- biomass accumulatione6
- Direction
- promotinge6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is particularly susceptible to heat stress”
e6“exogenous application of raffinose (20-200 mg/L) alleviated heat-induced damage by improving leaf water status, enhancing survival rates, and promoting biomass accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
The GhRS2/GhGOLS1-mediated raffinose biosynthesis pathway positively regulates thermotolerance in cotton.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutum L.Gossypium hirsutume0
- Gene
- GhRS2/GhGOLS1e7
- Compound
- raffinosee7
- Outcome
- thermotolerancee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is particularly susceptible to heat stress”
e7“GhRS2/GhGOLS1-mediated raffinose biosynthesis pathway positively regulates thermotolerance”
Claim · model-written summary
A mechanistic link exists between raffinose metabolism and antioxidant responses under heat stress in cotton.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutum L.Gossypium hirsutume0
- Compound
- raffinosee1
- Outcome
- antioxidant responsese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is particularly susceptible to heat stress”
e1“reveals a mechanistic link between raffinose metabolism and antioxidant responses under heat stress”
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