Search claims · PlantClaims

Studies on White-Belly Rice Kernel : V. On the occurrence of white belly during the development of rice kernel, with special reference to the moisture content of kernel 20

Associationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

In dry kernels, white-belly percentage increased with development.

Taxon: riceOryza sativat0
Organ / stage: development of kernele0
Outcome: percentage of white bellye0
Direction: increasede0

Verbatim

e0
“The percentage of white belly increased with the development of kernel”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1840–1910

t0
“rice kernel”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 99–110

Title

Studies on White-Belly Rice Kernel : V. On the occurrence of white belly during the development of rice kernel, with special reference to the moisture content of kernel

Toru TASHIRO; Morie EBATA Japanese Journal of Crop Science 1976. doi:10.1626/jcs.45.616

Other claims from this paper (19)

Observation Fresh external-internal kernels initiated white belly 15-18 days after flowering.
Observation Fresh external white-belly kernels initiated white belly 24-32 days after flowering.
Association White-belly percentage rose during maturation and dehydration.
Observation Fresh external-internal white belly peaked at maximum dry weight.
Observation Fresh external white belly peaked at full ripeness.
Observation White belly initiated earlier in dry kernels than fresh kernels.
Observation Dry external-internal kernels initiated white belly 12-15 days after flowering.
Observation Dry external white-belly kernels initiated white belly 19-23 days after flowering.
Observation Dry external-internal white belly peaked just before maximum dry weight.
Observation Dry external white belly peaked at maximum dry weight.
Intervention effect Artificial drying caused white belly to appear in premature kernels.
Association The moisture threshold for white-belly initiation differed by kernel age.
Observation Fresh-kernel ventral moisture exceeded dorsal moisture.
Intervention effect Drying reversed the ventral versus dorsal moisture pattern.
Mechanism The authors infer less storage deposition and stronger dehydration in ventral tissue.
Mechanism The authors link ventral moisture behavior to porous white-belly tissue formation.
Intervention effect Artificial dehydration produced white core in premature Gohyakumangoku kernels.
Observation White core occurred at a lower moisture range than white belly.
Intervention effect Rapid drying increased white-belly occurrence.

Associationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The moisture threshold for white-belly initiation differed by kernel age.

Taxon: riceOryza sativat0
Organ / stage: kernel agee0
Outcome: moisture content at which the white belly initiatede0

Not reportedDirection

Verbatim

e0
“the moisture content at which the white belly initiated differed with the kernel age”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 2255–2339

t0
“rice kernel”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 99–110

Title

Studies on White-Belly Rice Kernel : V. On the occurrence of white belly during the development of rice kernel, with special reference to the moisture content of kernel

Toru TASHIRO; Morie EBATA Japanese Journal of Crop Science 1976. doi:10.1626/jcs.45.616

Other claims from this paper (19)

Observation Fresh external-internal kernels initiated white belly 15-18 days after flowering.
Observation Fresh external white-belly kernels initiated white belly 24-32 days after flowering.
Association White-belly percentage rose during maturation and dehydration.
Observation Fresh external-internal white belly peaked at maximum dry weight.
Observation Fresh external white belly peaked at full ripeness.
Observation White belly initiated earlier in dry kernels than fresh kernels.
Observation Dry external-internal kernels initiated white belly 12-15 days after flowering.
Observation Dry external white-belly kernels initiated white belly 19-23 days after flowering.
Association In dry kernels, white-belly percentage increased with development.
Observation Dry external-internal white belly peaked just before maximum dry weight.
Observation Dry external white belly peaked at maximum dry weight.
Intervention effect Artificial drying caused white belly to appear in premature kernels.
Observation Fresh-kernel ventral moisture exceeded dorsal moisture.
Intervention effect Drying reversed the ventral versus dorsal moisture pattern.
Mechanism The authors infer less storage deposition and stronger dehydration in ventral tissue.
Mechanism The authors link ventral moisture behavior to porous white-belly tissue formation.
Intervention effect Artificial dehydration produced white core in premature Gohyakumangoku kernels.
Observation White core occurred at a lower moisture range than white belly.
Intervention effect Rapid drying increased white-belly occurrence.

Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Fresh-kernel ventral moisture exceeded dorsal moisture.

Taxon: riceOryza sativat0
Outcome: moisture content of ventral portione0
Direction: highere0
Comparator: dorsal portione0

Verbatim

e0
“In fresh kernel, the moisture content of ventral portion was higher than that of dorsal portion”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 2344–2439

t0
“rice kernel”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 99–110

Title

Studies on White-Belly Rice Kernel : V. On the occurrence of white belly during the development of rice kernel, with special reference to the moisture content of kernel

Toru TASHIRO; Morie EBATA Japanese Journal of Crop Science 1976. doi:10.1626/jcs.45.616

Other claims from this paper (19)

Observation Fresh external-internal kernels initiated white belly 15-18 days after flowering.
Observation Fresh external white-belly kernels initiated white belly 24-32 days after flowering.
Association White-belly percentage rose during maturation and dehydration.
Observation Fresh external-internal white belly peaked at maximum dry weight.
Observation Fresh external white belly peaked at full ripeness.
Observation White belly initiated earlier in dry kernels than fresh kernels.
Observation Dry external-internal kernels initiated white belly 12-15 days after flowering.
Observation Dry external white-belly kernels initiated white belly 19-23 days after flowering.
Association In dry kernels, white-belly percentage increased with development.
Observation Dry external-internal white belly peaked just before maximum dry weight.
Observation Dry external white belly peaked at maximum dry weight.
Intervention effect Artificial drying caused white belly to appear in premature kernels.
Association The moisture threshold for white-belly initiation differed by kernel age.
Intervention effect Drying reversed the ventral versus dorsal moisture pattern.
Mechanism The authors infer less storage deposition and stronger dehydration in ventral tissue.
Mechanism The authors link ventral moisture behavior to porous white-belly tissue formation.
Intervention effect Artificial dehydration produced white core in premature Gohyakumangoku kernels.
Observation White core occurred at a lower moisture range than white belly.
Intervention effect Rapid drying increased white-belly occurrence.

The nutrient distribution in the continuum of the pericarp, seed coat, and kernel during Styrax tonkinensis fruit development 20

Show all 20 →

Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Water content of the seed coat and kernel declined over 30–110 DAF.

Taxon: Styrax tonkinensisStyrax tonkinensist0
Organ / stage: seed coat and the kernele0
Outcome: water contente0
Direction: declinede0
Qualifier: 30–110 DAFe0

Verbatim

e0
“The water content within both the seed coat and the kernel consistently declined over the course of the fruit development (30–110 DAF)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 783–917

t0
“Styrax tonkinensis”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 89–107

Title

The nutrient distribution in the continuum of the pericarp, seed coat, and kernel during Styrax tonkinensis fruit development

Qikui Wu; Zihan Zhang; Huan Peng; et al. PeerJ 2019. doi:10.7717/peerj.7996

Other claims from this paper (19)

Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Potassium and magnesium deposition centers moved to the kernel between 70 and 80 DAF.

Taxon: Styrax tonkinensisStyrax tonkinensist0
Organ / stage: kernele0
Outcome: potassium, and magnesiume0
Direction: transferrede0

Verbatim

e0
“Between 70 and 80 DAF, the deposition centers for sugar, starch, protein, potassium, and magnesium was transferred to the kernel from either the pericarp or the seed coat”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 919–1089

t0
“Styrax tonkinensis”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 89–107

Title

The nutrient distribution in the continuum of the pericarp, seed coat, and kernel during Styrax tonkinensis fruit development

Qikui Wu; Zihan Zhang; Huan Peng; et al. PeerJ 2019. doi:10.7717/peerj.7996

Other claims from this paper (19)

Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Sugar, starch, and protein deposition centers moved to the kernel between 70 and 80 DAF.

Taxon: Styrax tonkinensisStyrax tonkinensist0
Organ / stage: kernele0
Outcome: deposition centers for sugar, starch, proteine0
Direction: transferrede0

Verbatim

e0
“Between 70 and 80 DAF, the deposition centers for sugar, starch, protein, potassium, and magnesium was transferred to the kernel from either the pericarp or the seed coat”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 919–1089

t0
“Styrax tonkinensis”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 89–107

Title

The nutrient distribution in the continuum of the pericarp, seed coat, and kernel during Styrax tonkinensis fruit development

Qikui Wu; Zihan Zhang; Huan Peng; et al. PeerJ 2019. doi:10.7717/peerj.7996

Other claims from this paper (19)

Relationship of Ear Differentiation with Kernel Development and Barrenness in Maize (Zea mays L.) 19

Show all 19 →

Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Kernel abortion also occurred during grain filling, especially within 10 days after anthesis.

Taxon: maize (Zea mays L.)Zea mayst0
Organ / stage: grain-fillinge0
Outcome: kernel abortione0
Qualifier: 10 days after anthesise0

Verbatim

e0
“kernel abortion would also occur during grain-filling, especially in 10 days after anthesis.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1192–1284

t0
“maize (Zea mays L.)”
✓ located after whitespace/quote normalisation · title, characters 78–97

Title

Relationship of Ear Differentiation with Kernel Development and Barrenness in Maize (Zea mays L.)

Meng Jia 2013

Other claims from this paper (18)

Intervention effect Increasing density had little effect on timing of ear-primordium differentiation, which occurred at 28–29 days.
Intervention effect Increasing density had little effect on total floret primordia at silking.
Intervention effect High density delayed ear differentiation.
Intervention effect Abortive florets increased as planting density rose.
Intervention effect Unfertilized florets increased as planting density rose.
Intervention effect High density reduced normal florets per ear in DH661 by 100.0.
Intervention effect High density reduced normal florets per ear in ZD958 by 76.4.
Intervention effect The anthesis-silking interval lengthened with density.
Intervention effect The proportion of silked DH661 plants fell to 93.64% at high density.
Intervention effect The proportion of silked ZD958 plants fell to 81.80% at high density.
Intervention effect Silking occurred later as planting density increased.
Intervention effect Silked florets per ear decreased with planting density.
Intervention effect Pollen-shedding duration shortened with planting density.
Mechanism The authors attribute greater postfertilization abortion to density-associated reproductive changes.
Association Kernel number per ear correlated positively with bottom transmittance at silking.
Association Kernel number per ear correlated positively with bottom transmittance 10 days after silking.
Association Kernel number per ear correlated positively with bottom transmittance 20 days after silking.
Association Abortive-floret ratio correlated negatively and significantly with bottom transmittance before flowering.

Associationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Kernel number per ear correlated positively with bottom transmittance at silking.

Taxon: maize (Zea mays L.)Zea mayst0
Outcome: kernel number per eare0
Direction: positive correlatione0
Qualifier: at silkinge0
Comparator: bottom transmittancee0

Verbatim

e0
“The kernel number per ear had a positive correlation with the bottom transmittance at silking, 10 d after silking and 20 d after silking”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1285–1421

t0
“maize (Zea mays L.)”
✓ located after whitespace/quote normalisation · title, characters 78–97

Title

Relationship of Ear Differentiation with Kernel Development and Barrenness in Maize (Zea mays L.)

Meng Jia 2013

Other claims from this paper (18)

Intervention effect Increasing density had little effect on timing of ear-primordium differentiation, which occurred at 28–29 days.
Intervention effect Increasing density had little effect on total floret primordia at silking.
Intervention effect High density delayed ear differentiation.
Intervention effect Abortive florets increased as planting density rose.
Intervention effect Unfertilized florets increased as planting density rose.
Intervention effect High density reduced normal florets per ear in DH661 by 100.0.
Intervention effect High density reduced normal florets per ear in ZD958 by 76.4.
Intervention effect The anthesis-silking interval lengthened with density.
Intervention effect The proportion of silked DH661 plants fell to 93.64% at high density.
Intervention effect The proportion of silked ZD958 plants fell to 81.80% at high density.
Intervention effect Silking occurred later as planting density increased.
Intervention effect Silked florets per ear decreased with planting density.
Intervention effect Pollen-shedding duration shortened with planting density.
Mechanism The authors attribute greater postfertilization abortion to density-associated reproductive changes.
Observation Kernel abortion also occurred during grain filling, especially within 10 days after anthesis.
Association Kernel number per ear correlated positively with bottom transmittance 10 days after silking.
Association Kernel number per ear correlated positively with bottom transmittance 20 days after silking.
Association Abortive-floret ratio correlated negatively and significantly with bottom transmittance before flowering.

Associationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Kernel number per ear correlated positively with bottom transmittance 10 days after silking.

Taxon: maize (Zea mays L.)Zea mayst0
Outcome: kernel number per eare0
Direction: positive correlatione0
Qualifier: 10 d after silkinge0
Comparator: bottom transmittancee0

Verbatim

e0
“The kernel number per ear had a positive correlation with the bottom transmittance at silking, 10 d after silking and 20 d after silking”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1285–1421

t0
“maize (Zea mays L.)”
✓ located after whitespace/quote normalisation · title, characters 78–97

Title

Relationship of Ear Differentiation with Kernel Development and Barrenness in Maize (Zea mays L.)

Meng Jia 2013

Other claims from this paper (18)

Intervention effect Increasing density had little effect on timing of ear-primordium differentiation, which occurred at 28–29 days.
Intervention effect Increasing density had little effect on total floret primordia at silking.
Intervention effect High density delayed ear differentiation.
Intervention effect Abortive florets increased as planting density rose.
Intervention effect Unfertilized florets increased as planting density rose.
Intervention effect High density reduced normal florets per ear in DH661 by 100.0.
Intervention effect High density reduced normal florets per ear in ZD958 by 76.4.
Intervention effect The anthesis-silking interval lengthened with density.
Intervention effect The proportion of silked DH661 plants fell to 93.64% at high density.
Intervention effect The proportion of silked ZD958 plants fell to 81.80% at high density.
Intervention effect Silking occurred later as planting density increased.
Intervention effect Silked florets per ear decreased with planting density.
Intervention effect Pollen-shedding duration shortened with planting density.
Mechanism The authors attribute greater postfertilization abortion to density-associated reproductive changes.
Observation Kernel abortion also occurred during grain filling, especially within 10 days after anthesis.
Association Kernel number per ear correlated positively with bottom transmittance at silking.
Association Kernel number per ear correlated positively with bottom transmittance 20 days after silking.
Association Abortive-floret ratio correlated negatively and significantly with bottom transmittance before flowering.

Meta-analysis of common wheat physiological response to biotic stresses 19

Show all 19 →

Observationobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Under biotic stress, kernel number showed reduction.

Taxon: common wheatTriticum aestivumt0
Outcome: kernel numbere0
Direction: reductione0
Qualifier: biotic stressest0

Verbatim

t0
“common wheat physiological response to biotic stresses”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 17–71

e0
“It was found that the overall response is a reduction in thousand kernel weight (TKW), kernel number, plant biomass, grain yield, relative water content (RWC), soil and plant analysis development (SPAD), and proline, and an increase in ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), malondialdehyde (MDA), peroxidase (POX), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), superoxide…” Show full quote
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 372–881

Title

Meta-analysis of common wheat physiological response to biotic stresses

Mahdi Nemati; Nasser Zare; Nemat Hedayat-Evrigh; et al. Zemdirbyste-Agriculture 2022. doi:10.13080/z-a.2022.109.031

Other claims from this paper (19)

Observation Under biotic stress, thousand kernel weight (TKW) showed reduction.
Observation Under biotic stress, plant biomass showed reduction.
Observation Under biotic stress, grain yield showed reduction.
Observation Under biotic stress, relative water content (RWC) showed reduction.
Observation Under biotic stress, soil and plant analysis development (SPAD) showed reduction.
Observation Under biotic stress, proline showed reduction.
Observation Under biotic stress, ascorbate peroxidase (APX) showed increase.
Observation Under biotic stress, catalase (CAT) showed increase.
Observation Under biotic stress, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) showed increase.
Observation Under biotic stress, hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) showed increase.
Observation Under biotic stress, malondialdehyde (MDA) showed increase.
Observation Under biotic stress, peroxidase (POX) showed increase.
Observation Under biotic stress, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) showed increase.
Observation Under biotic stress, superoxide dismutase (SOD) showed increase.
Observation Under biotic stress, flavonoids showed increase.
Observation Under biotic stress, putrescine (PUT) showed increase.
Observation Under biotic stress, salicylic acid (SA) showed increase.
Observation Under biotic stress, spermidine (SPD) showed increase.
Association Cultivar significantly moderated kernel number and GST, and biotic stress type significantly moderated grain yield, APX, CAT, POX, flavonoids and SPAD.

Observationobservedoriginal resultnegativenot significant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Under biotic stress, thousand kernel weight (TKW) showed reduction.

Taxon: common wheatTriticum aestivumt0
Outcome: thousand kernel weight (TKW)e0
Direction: reductione0
Qualifier: biotic stressest0

Verbatim

t0
“common wheat physiological response to biotic stresses”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 17–71

e0
“It was found that the overall response is a reduction in thousand kernel weight (TKW), kernel number, plant biomass, grain yield, relative water content (RWC), soil and plant analysis development (SPAD), and proline, and an increase in ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), malondialdehyde (MDA), peroxidase (POX), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), superoxide…” Show full quote
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 372–881

Title

Meta-analysis of common wheat physiological response to biotic stresses

Mahdi Nemati; Nasser Zare; Nemat Hedayat-Evrigh; et al. Zemdirbyste-Agriculture 2022. doi:10.13080/z-a.2022.109.031

Other claims from this paper (19)

Observation Under biotic stress, kernel number showed reduction.
Observation Under biotic stress, plant biomass showed reduction.
Observation Under biotic stress, grain yield showed reduction.
Observation Under biotic stress, relative water content (RWC) showed reduction.
Observation Under biotic stress, soil and plant analysis development (SPAD) showed reduction.
Observation Under biotic stress, proline showed reduction.
Observation Under biotic stress, ascorbate peroxidase (APX) showed increase.
Observation Under biotic stress, catalase (CAT) showed increase.
Observation Under biotic stress, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) showed increase.
Observation Under biotic stress, hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) showed increase.
Observation Under biotic stress, malondialdehyde (MDA) showed increase.
Observation Under biotic stress, peroxidase (POX) showed increase.
Observation Under biotic stress, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) showed increase.
Observation Under biotic stress, superoxide dismutase (SOD) showed increase.
Observation Under biotic stress, flavonoids showed increase.
Observation Under biotic stress, putrescine (PUT) showed increase.
Observation Under biotic stress, salicylic acid (SA) showed increase.
Observation Under biotic stress, spermidine (SPD) showed increase.
Association Cultivar significantly moderated kernel number and GST, and biotic stress type significantly moderated grain yield, APX, CAT, POX, flavonoids and SPAD.

Observationobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Under biotic stress, soil and plant analysis development (SPAD) showed reduction.

Taxon: common wheatTriticum aestivumt0
Outcome: soil and plant analysis development (SPAD)e0
Direction: reductione0
Qualifier: biotic stressest0

Verbatim

t0
“common wheat physiological response to biotic stresses”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 17–71

e0
“It was found that the overall response is a reduction in thousand kernel weight (TKW), kernel number, plant biomass, grain yield, relative water content (RWC), soil and plant analysis development (SPAD), and proline, and an increase in ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), malondialdehyde (MDA), peroxidase (POX), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), superoxide…” Show full quote
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 372–881

Title

Meta-analysis of common wheat physiological response to biotic stresses

Mahdi Nemati; Nasser Zare; Nemat Hedayat-Evrigh; et al. Zemdirbyste-Agriculture 2022. doi:10.13080/z-a.2022.109.031

Other claims from this paper (19)

Observation Under biotic stress, thousand kernel weight (TKW) showed reduction.
Observation Under biotic stress, kernel number showed reduction.
Observation Under biotic stress, plant biomass showed reduction.
Observation Under biotic stress, grain yield showed reduction.
Observation Under biotic stress, relative water content (RWC) showed reduction.
Observation Under biotic stress, proline showed reduction.
Observation Under biotic stress, ascorbate peroxidase (APX) showed increase.
Observation Under biotic stress, catalase (CAT) showed increase.
Observation Under biotic stress, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) showed increase.
Observation Under biotic stress, hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) showed increase.
Observation Under biotic stress, malondialdehyde (MDA) showed increase.
Observation Under biotic stress, peroxidase (POX) showed increase.
Observation Under biotic stress, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) showed increase.
Observation Under biotic stress, superoxide dismutase (SOD) showed increase.
Observation Under biotic stress, flavonoids showed increase.
Observation Under biotic stress, putrescine (PUT) showed increase.
Observation Under biotic stress, salicylic acid (SA) showed increase.
Observation Under biotic stress, spermidine (SPD) showed increase.
Association Cultivar significantly moderated kernel number and GST, and biotic stress type significantly moderated grain yield, APX, CAT, POX, flavonoids and SPAD.

STARCH GRANULE (AMYLOPLAST) DEVELOPMENT IN ENDOSPERM OF SEVERAL ZEA MAYS L. GENOTYPES AFFECTING KERNEL POLYSACCHARIDES 18

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Associationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Abnormality increased with kernel and cell age in all three ae genotypes.

Taxon: ZEA MAYS L.t0
Material: ae genotypese0
Organ / stage: kernel and physiological cell agee0
Outcome: abnormalitye0
Direction: increasede0

Verbatim

e0
“In all three ae genotypes, abnormality increased as a function of kernel and physiological cell age.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1182–1282

t0
“ZEA MAYS L.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 64–75

Title

STARCH GRANULE (AMYLOPLAST) DEVELOPMENT IN ENDOSPERM OF SEVERAL ZEA MAYS L. GENOTYPES AFFECTING KERNEL POLYSACCHARIDES

C. D. Boyer; R. R. Daniels; J. C. Shannon American Journal of Botany 1977. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1977.tb07604.x

Other claims from this paper (17)

Observation All six maize genotypes had indistinguishable endosperms at 14 days after pollination.
Observation Endosperm cells were highly vacuolated.
Observation Kernel central crown cells contained small starch granules near nuclei.
Observation Cellular and nuclear enlargement occurred during endosperm development in every genotype.
Observation Endosperm cells showed major and minor physiological age gradients in all kernels.
Association Amyloplast development varied by genotype.
Observation Normal maize cells formed initial starch granules followed by enlargement to maturity.
Observation wx maize cells formed initial starch granules followed by enlargement to maturity.
Observation ae endosperm developed abnormal plastid granules.
Observation ae su endosperm developed abnormal plastid granules.
Observation ae wx endosperm developed abnormal plastid granules.
Observation Secondary granules formed before abnormality in ae and ae su but not ae wx endosperms.
Observation ae wx granules were highly birefringent, indicating high crystallinity.
Observation su mobilized initially formed starch.
Observation su synthesized and accumulated phytoglycogen and formed large rounded plastids.
Observation ae su mobilized initially formed starch, leaving irregular nonbirefringent granules.
Observation ae su produced only small amounts of phytoglycogen.

Associationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Amyloplast development varied by genotype.

Taxon: ZEA MAYS L.t0
Material: genotypee0
Outcome: Amyloplast developmente0

Not reportedDirection

Verbatim

e0
“Amyloplast development varied with genotype.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 657–701

t0
“ZEA MAYS L.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 64–75

Title

STARCH GRANULE (AMYLOPLAST) DEVELOPMENT IN ENDOSPERM OF SEVERAL ZEA MAYS L. GENOTYPES AFFECTING KERNEL POLYSACCHARIDES

C. D. Boyer; R. R. Daniels; J. C. Shannon American Journal of Botany 1977. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1977.tb07604.x

Other claims from this paper (17)

Observation All six maize genotypes had indistinguishable endosperms at 14 days after pollination.
Observation Endosperm cells were highly vacuolated.
Observation Kernel central crown cells contained small starch granules near nuclei.
Observation Cellular and nuclear enlargement occurred during endosperm development in every genotype.
Observation Endosperm cells showed major and minor physiological age gradients in all kernels.
Observation Normal maize cells formed initial starch granules followed by enlargement to maturity.
Observation wx maize cells formed initial starch granules followed by enlargement to maturity.
Observation ae endosperm developed abnormal plastid granules.
Observation ae su endosperm developed abnormal plastid granules.
Observation ae wx endosperm developed abnormal plastid granules.
Observation Secondary granules formed before abnormality in ae and ae su but not ae wx endosperms.
Observation ae wx granules were highly birefringent, indicating high crystallinity.
Association Abnormality increased with kernel and cell age in all three ae genotypes.
Observation su mobilized initially formed starch.
Observation su synthesized and accumulated phytoglycogen and formed large rounded plastids.
Observation ae su mobilized initially formed starch, leaving irregular nonbirefringent granules.
Observation ae su produced only small amounts of phytoglycogen.

Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Kernel central crown cells contained small starch granules near nuclei.

Taxon: ZEA MAYS L.t0
Organ / stage: central crown area of the kernele0
Outcome: contained small starch granules in close association with the nucleuse0

Verbatim

e0
“Cells were highly vacuolated and those in the central crown area of the kernel contained small starch granules in close association with the nucleus.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 318–467

t0
“ZEA MAYS L.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 64–75

Title

STARCH GRANULE (AMYLOPLAST) DEVELOPMENT IN ENDOSPERM OF SEVERAL ZEA MAYS L. GENOTYPES AFFECTING KERNEL POLYSACCHARIDES

C. D. Boyer; R. R. Daniels; J. C. Shannon American Journal of Botany 1977. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1977.tb07604.x

Other claims from this paper (17)

Observation All six maize genotypes had indistinguishable endosperms at 14 days after pollination.
Observation Endosperm cells were highly vacuolated.
Observation Cellular and nuclear enlargement occurred during endosperm development in every genotype.
Observation Endosperm cells showed major and minor physiological age gradients in all kernels.
Association Amyloplast development varied by genotype.
Observation Normal maize cells formed initial starch granules followed by enlargement to maturity.
Observation wx maize cells formed initial starch granules followed by enlargement to maturity.
Observation ae endosperm developed abnormal plastid granules.
Observation ae su endosperm developed abnormal plastid granules.
Observation ae wx endosperm developed abnormal plastid granules.
Observation Secondary granules formed before abnormality in ae and ae su but not ae wx endosperms.
Observation ae wx granules were highly birefringent, indicating high crystallinity.
Association Abnormality increased with kernel and cell age in all three ae genotypes.
Observation su mobilized initially formed starch.
Observation su synthesized and accumulated phytoglycogen and formed large rounded plastids.
Observation ae su mobilized initially formed starch, leaving irregular nonbirefringent granules.
Observation ae su produced only small amounts of phytoglycogen.

Analysis of Quality Traits of New Varieties in Regional Test of Henan Provence 18

Show all 18 →

Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

New wheat varieties averaged 803.3 g/L kernel unit weight.

Taxon: wheatTriticum aestivume0
Outcome: kernel unit weighte0
Value: 803.3 g/Le0
Setting: Henan provincee0

Verbatim

e0
“The quality traits of 70 wheat varieties were analyzed from the Irrigated Land Group of Regional Test in Henan province in 2009-2010.The results indicated that the new varieties were characterized with 803.3 g/L kernel unit weight,14.94% protein,32.2% wet gluten,60.0 mL sedimentation value,59.1% water absorption,4.1 min development time,5.3 min settling time,119 FU dough weak value and 69.3% flour yield”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–406

Title

Analysis of Quality Traits of New Varieties in Regional Test of Henan Provence

Yinghong Wang 2012

Other claims from this paper (19)

Observation New wheat varieties averaged 14.94% protein.
Observation New wheat varieties averaged 32.2% wet gluten.
Observation New wheat varieties averaged 60.0 mL sedimentation value.
Observation New wheat varieties averaged 59.1% water absorption.
Observation New wheat varieties averaged 4.1 min development time.
Observation New wheat varieties averaged 5.3 min settling time.
Observation New wheat varieties averaged 119 FU dough weak value.
Observation New wheat varieties averaged 69.3% flour yield.
Observation kernel unit weight was higher in Winter Wheat Group than Spring Wheat Group.
Observation water absorption was higher in Winter Wheat Group than Spring Wheat Group.
Observation development time was higher in Winter Wheat Group than Spring Wheat Group.
Observation dough weak value was higher in Winter Wheat Group than Spring Wheat Group.
Observation flour yield was lower in Winter Wheat Group than Spring Wheat Group.
Observation settling time was lower in Winter Wheat Group than Spring Wheat Group.
Observation sedimentation value was lower in Winter Wheat Group than Spring Wheat Group.
Observation protein differed little between wheat groups.
Observation wet gluten differed little between wheat groups.
Observation Seven varieties were high gluten, 63 medium gluten and none low gluten.
Observation The authors recommend improving water absorption, settling time and flour yield, selecting proper development time, and reducing dough weak value.

Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

kernel unit weight was higher in Winter Wheat Group than Spring Wheat Group.

Taxon: wheatTriticum aestivume7
Material: Winter Wheat Groupe0
Outcome: kernel unit weighte0
Direction: highere0
Comparator: Spring Wheat Groupe0

Verbatim

e0
“The quality traits were different between Winter Wheat Group and Spring Wheat Group,of which the kernel unit weight,water absorption,development time and dough weak value were higher in Winter Wheat Group than in Spring Wheat Group,but the flour yield,settling time and sedimentation value were lower in former than in latter.The differences of protein and wet gluten contents were little between the two groups”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 407–818

t0
“Analysis of Quality Traits of New Varieties in Regional Test of Henan Provence”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 0–78

e7
“70 wheat varieties”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 22–40

Title

Analysis of Quality Traits of New Varieties in Regional Test of Henan Provence

Yinghong Wang 2012

Other claims from this paper (19)

Observation New wheat varieties averaged 803.3 g/L kernel unit weight.
Observation New wheat varieties averaged 14.94% protein.
Observation New wheat varieties averaged 32.2% wet gluten.
Observation New wheat varieties averaged 60.0 mL sedimentation value.
Observation New wheat varieties averaged 59.1% water absorption.
Observation New wheat varieties averaged 4.1 min development time.
Observation New wheat varieties averaged 5.3 min settling time.
Observation New wheat varieties averaged 119 FU dough weak value.
Observation New wheat varieties averaged 69.3% flour yield.
Observation water absorption was higher in Winter Wheat Group than Spring Wheat Group.
Observation development time was higher in Winter Wheat Group than Spring Wheat Group.
Observation dough weak value was higher in Winter Wheat Group than Spring Wheat Group.
Observation flour yield was lower in Winter Wheat Group than Spring Wheat Group.
Observation settling time was lower in Winter Wheat Group than Spring Wheat Group.
Observation sedimentation value was lower in Winter Wheat Group than Spring Wheat Group.
Observation protein differed little between wheat groups.
Observation wet gluten differed little between wheat groups.
Observation Seven varieties were high gluten, 63 medium gluten and none low gluten.
Observation The authors recommend improving water absorption, settling time and flour yield, selecting proper development time, and reducing dough weak value.

Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

New wheat varieties averaged 4.1 min development time.

Taxon: wheatTriticum aestivume0
Outcome: development timee0
Value: 4.1 mine0
Setting: Henan provincee0

Verbatim

e0
“The quality traits of 70 wheat varieties were analyzed from the Irrigated Land Group of Regional Test in Henan province in 2009-2010.The results indicated that the new varieties were characterized with 803.3 g/L kernel unit weight,14.94% protein,32.2% wet gluten,60.0 mL sedimentation value,59.1% water absorption,4.1 min development time,5.3 min settling time,119 FU dough weak value and 69.3% flour yield”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–406

Title

Analysis of Quality Traits of New Varieties in Regional Test of Henan Provence

Yinghong Wang 2012

Other claims from this paper (19)

Observation New wheat varieties averaged 803.3 g/L kernel unit weight.
Observation New wheat varieties averaged 14.94% protein.
Observation New wheat varieties averaged 32.2% wet gluten.
Observation New wheat varieties averaged 60.0 mL sedimentation value.
Observation New wheat varieties averaged 59.1% water absorption.
Observation New wheat varieties averaged 5.3 min settling time.
Observation New wheat varieties averaged 119 FU dough weak value.
Observation New wheat varieties averaged 69.3% flour yield.
Observation kernel unit weight was higher in Winter Wheat Group than Spring Wheat Group.
Observation water absorption was higher in Winter Wheat Group than Spring Wheat Group.
Observation development time was higher in Winter Wheat Group than Spring Wheat Group.
Observation dough weak value was higher in Winter Wheat Group than Spring Wheat Group.
Observation flour yield was lower in Winter Wheat Group than Spring Wheat Group.
Observation settling time was lower in Winter Wheat Group than Spring Wheat Group.
Observation sedimentation value was lower in Winter Wheat Group than Spring Wheat Group.
Observation protein differed little between wheat groups.
Observation wet gluten differed little between wheat groups.
Observation Seven varieties were high gluten, 63 medium gluten and none low gluten.
Observation The authors recommend improving water absorption, settling time and flour yield, selecting proper development time, and reducing dough weak value.

Accumulation Pattern of Amygdalin and Prunasin and Its Correlation with Fruit and Kernel Agronomic Characteristics during Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) Kernel Development 18

Show all 18 →

Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Amygdalin and prunasin levels were undetectable in sweet kernel cultivars throughout kernel development.

Taxon: Prunus armeniacaPrunus armeniacat0
Material: sweet kernel cultivarse0
Organ / stage: kernele0
Outcome: Amygdalin and prunasin levelse0
Qualifier: undetectablee0

Verbatim

t0
“Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 122–151

e0
“Amygdalin and prunasin levels were undetectable in the sweet kernel cultivars throughout kernel development”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1011–1118

Title

Accumulation Pattern of Amygdalin and Prunasin and Its Correlation with Fruit and Kernel Agronomic Characteristics during Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) Kernel Development

Ping Deng; Bei Cui; Hailan Zhu; et al. Foods 2021. doi:10.3390/foods10020397

Other claims from this paper (17)

Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

β-glucosidase catabolic enzyme activity was high during kernel development and ripening in all tested apricot cultivars.

Taxon: Prunus armeniacaPrunus armeniacat0
Gene: β-glucosidasee0
Outcome: catabolic enzyme activitye0
Direction: highe0

Verbatim

t0
“Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 122–151

e0
“β-glucosidase catabolic enzyme activity was high during kernel development and ripening in all tested apricot cultivars”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1755–1874

Title

Accumulation Pattern of Amygdalin and Prunasin and Its Correlation with Fruit and Kernel Agronomic Characteristics during Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) Kernel Development

Ping Deng; Bei Cui; Hailan Zhu; et al. Foods 2021. doi:10.3390/foods10020397

Other claims from this paper (17)

Associationobservedoriginal resultsignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Amygdalin level was significantly lower than prunasin level in early bitter kernel development.

Taxon: Prunus armeniacaPrunus armeniacat0
Outcome: amygdalin levele0
Direction: lowere0
Qualifier: quite small amountse0
Comparator: prunasin levele0

Verbatim

t0
“Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 122–151

e0
“while the amygdalin level was present in quite small amounts and significantly lower than the prunasin level”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1269–1377

Title

Accumulation Pattern of Amygdalin and Prunasin and Its Correlation with Fruit and Kernel Agronomic Characteristics during Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) Kernel Development

Ping Deng; Bei Cui; Hailan Zhu; et al. Foods 2021. doi:10.3390/foods10020397

Other claims from this paper (17)

Disruption of Maize Kernel Growth and Development by Heat Stress (Role of Cytokinin/Abscisic Acid Balance) 17

Show all 17 →

Mechanismauthor interpretationoriginal resultnegativebasis n/a

Claim · model-written summary

A shift in the hormone balance of kernels is one mechanism by which heat stress disrupts maize kernel development.

Taxon: maizeZea mayse0
Outcome: kernel developmente7
Qualifier: shift in hormone balance of kernelse7

Verbatim

e0
“Temperature stress during kernel development affects maize (Zea mays L.) grain growth and yield stability”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–105

e7
“These results confirm that shift in hormone balance of kernels is one mechanism by which heat stress disrupts maize kernel development”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1837–1971

Title

Disruption of Maize Kernel Growth and Development by Heat Stress (Role of Cytokinin/Abscisic Acid Balance)

N. Cheikh; R. J. Jones PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1994. doi:10.1104/pp.106.1.45

Other claims from this paper (16)

Intervention effect Long-term heat stress severely disrupted kernel fresh and dry matter accumulation compared with kernels maintained at 25°C.
Intervention effect Long-term heat stress caused abortion of 97% of kernels.
Intervention effect Short-term heat stress was followed by a recovery in kernel growth and water content at about 18 d after pollination.
Intervention effect Short-term heat stress reduced kernel abortion to about 23%.
Intervention effect During the cell division phase, ABA levels were maintained at a moderate level in heat-stressed kernels, while declining steadily in the control.
Intervention effect Later in development, heat-stressed kernels had significantly higher ABA levels than the control.
Observation Control kernels showed a peak in zeatin riboside and zeatin levels at 10 to 12 d after pollination.
Intervention effect Four days of heat stress left zeatin undetectable in kernels.
Intervention effect Four days of heat stress reduced the zeatin riboside peak by 70%.
Intervention effect Four days of heat stress delayed the zeatin riboside peak until 18 d after pollination.
Intervention effect Long-term heat-stressed kernels showed low to nondetectable levels of zeatin riboside or zeatin.
Association ABA level and cytokinin level were negatively correlated in nonstressed kernels during the endosperm cell division phase.
Association ABA level and cytokinin level were not correlated in kernels exposed to heat stress.
Intervention effect Benzyladenine application increased thermotolerance of heat-stressed plants.
Intervention effect Benzyladenine application reduced kernel abortion at the tip and middle positions on the ear.
Mechanism High cytokinin levels in kernels during heat stress appear important for thermotolerance and yield stability.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Short-term heat stress reduced kernel abortion to about 23%.

Taxon: maizeZea mayse0
Treatment: short-term heat stresse4
Outcome: kernel abortione5
Direction: reducede5
Value: about 23%e5

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“Temperature stress during kernel development affects maize (Zea mays L.) grain growth and yield stability”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–105

e4
“Kernels exposed to 35[deg]C for 4 d (short-term heat stress) exhibited a recovery in kernel growth and water content at about 18 d after pollination”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 532–680

e5
“kernel abortion was reduced to about 23%”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 685–725

Title

Disruption of Maize Kernel Growth and Development by Heat Stress (Role of Cytokinin/Abscisic Acid Balance)

N. Cheikh; R. J. Jones PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1994. doi:10.1104/pp.106.1.45

Other claims from this paper (16)

Intervention effect Long-term heat stress severely disrupted kernel fresh and dry matter accumulation compared with kernels maintained at 25°C.
Intervention effect Long-term heat stress caused abortion of 97% of kernels.
Intervention effect Short-term heat stress was followed by a recovery in kernel growth and water content at about 18 d after pollination.
Intervention effect During the cell division phase, ABA levels were maintained at a moderate level in heat-stressed kernels, while declining steadily in the control.
Intervention effect Later in development, heat-stressed kernels had significantly higher ABA levels than the control.
Observation Control kernels showed a peak in zeatin riboside and zeatin levels at 10 to 12 d after pollination.
Intervention effect Four days of heat stress left zeatin undetectable in kernels.
Intervention effect Four days of heat stress reduced the zeatin riboside peak by 70%.
Intervention effect Four days of heat stress delayed the zeatin riboside peak until 18 d after pollination.
Intervention effect Long-term heat-stressed kernels showed low to nondetectable levels of zeatin riboside or zeatin.
Association ABA level and cytokinin level were negatively correlated in nonstressed kernels during the endosperm cell division phase.
Association ABA level and cytokinin level were not correlated in kernels exposed to heat stress.
Intervention effect Benzyladenine application increased thermotolerance of heat-stressed plants.
Intervention effect Benzyladenine application reduced kernel abortion at the tip and middle positions on the ear.
Mechanism A shift in the hormone balance of kernels is one mechanism by which heat stress disrupts maize kernel development.
Mechanism High cytokinin levels in kernels during heat stress appear important for thermotolerance and yield stability.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Benzyladenine application reduced kernel abortion at the tip and middle positions on the ear.

Taxon: maizeZea mayse0
Treatment: benzyladeninee7
Outcome: kernel abortion at the tip and middle positions on the eare7
Direction: reducinge7

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“Temperature stress during kernel development affects maize (Zea mays L.) grain growth and yield stability”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–105

e7
“Application of benzyladenine to heat-stressed, growth-chamber-grown plants increased thermotolerance in part by reducing kernel abortion at the tip and middle positions on the ear”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1656–1835

Title

Disruption of Maize Kernel Growth and Development by Heat Stress (Role of Cytokinin/Abscisic Acid Balance)

N. Cheikh; R. J. Jones PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1994. doi:10.1104/pp.106.1.45

Other claims from this paper (16)

Intervention effect Long-term heat stress severely disrupted kernel fresh and dry matter accumulation compared with kernels maintained at 25°C.
Intervention effect Long-term heat stress caused abortion of 97% of kernels.
Intervention effect Short-term heat stress was followed by a recovery in kernel growth and water content at about 18 d after pollination.
Intervention effect Short-term heat stress reduced kernel abortion to about 23%.
Intervention effect During the cell division phase, ABA levels were maintained at a moderate level in heat-stressed kernels, while declining steadily in the control.
Intervention effect Later in development, heat-stressed kernels had significantly higher ABA levels than the control.
Observation Control kernels showed a peak in zeatin riboside and zeatin levels at 10 to 12 d after pollination.
Intervention effect Four days of heat stress left zeatin undetectable in kernels.
Intervention effect Four days of heat stress reduced the zeatin riboside peak by 70%.
Intervention effect Four days of heat stress delayed the zeatin riboside peak until 18 d after pollination.
Intervention effect Long-term heat-stressed kernels showed low to nondetectable levels of zeatin riboside or zeatin.
Association ABA level and cytokinin level were negatively correlated in nonstressed kernels during the endosperm cell division phase.
Association ABA level and cytokinin level were not correlated in kernels exposed to heat stress.
Intervention effect Benzyladenine application increased thermotolerance of heat-stressed plants.
Mechanism A shift in the hormone balance of kernels is one mechanism by which heat stress disrupts maize kernel development.
Mechanism High cytokinin levels in kernels during heat stress appear important for thermotolerance and yield stability.

Gene expression during maize kernel development 17

Show all 17 →

Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Early maize kernel development showed little dry weight increase.

Taxon: maizeZea mayst0
Organ / stage: kernel developmente0
Outcome: dry weighte0
Direction: very little increasee0

Verbatim

e0
“At the early stages of kernel development, there was very little increase in dry weight”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 217–304

t0
“maize kernel”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 23–35

Title

Gene expression during maize kernel development

Douglas C. Doehlert; Leslie J. Smith; Edwin R. Duke Seed Science Research 1994. doi:10.1017/s0960258500002336

Other claims from this paper (16)

Observation Early maize kernels accumulated high sugar concentrations.
Observation Early maize kernels accumulated high amino acid concentrations.
Observation Many transcripts appeared at 15 DPP with little evidence of translation.
Observation Total RNA rose suddenly at the initiation of kernel fill at 20 DPP.
Observation Enzyme activities increased at the initiation of kernel fill at 20 DPP.
Observation Storage product accumulation began at the initiation of kernel fill at 20 DPP.
Association Zein accumulation was highly correlated with α-zein transcript abundance during kernel fill.
Association Starch accumulation correlated with ADP-GIc pyrophosphorylase activity.
Association Starch accumulation correlated with Shrunken-2 transcript abundance.
Association Starch accumulation correlated with Brittle-2 transcript abundance.
Observation Kernel DNA content increased linearly up to 30 DPP.
Mechanism Endoreplication accounted for the rise in kernel DNA content up to 30 DPP.
Association Kernel DNA content had no apparent relationship with gene expression.
Observation Kernel fill ended when moisture content fell below 36%.
Observation Transcript abundance declined when kernel fill ended.
Observation Enzyme activities decreased when kernel fill ended.

Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Kernel fill ended when moisture content fell below 36%.

Taxon: maizeZea mayst0
Organ / stage: Kernel-fille0
Outcome: moisture contente0
Direction: fell belowe0
Value: 36%e0

Verbatim

e0
“Kernel-fill terminated when the moisture content fell below 36%”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1122–1185

t0
“maize kernel”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 23–35

Title

Gene expression during maize kernel development

Douglas C. Doehlert; Leslie J. Smith; Edwin R. Duke Seed Science Research 1994. doi:10.1017/s0960258500002336

Other claims from this paper (16)

Observation Early maize kernel development showed little dry weight increase.
Observation Early maize kernels accumulated high sugar concentrations.
Observation Early maize kernels accumulated high amino acid concentrations.
Observation Many transcripts appeared at 15 DPP with little evidence of translation.
Observation Total RNA rose suddenly at the initiation of kernel fill at 20 DPP.
Observation Enzyme activities increased at the initiation of kernel fill at 20 DPP.
Observation Storage product accumulation began at the initiation of kernel fill at 20 DPP.
Association Zein accumulation was highly correlated with α-zein transcript abundance during kernel fill.
Association Starch accumulation correlated with ADP-GIc pyrophosphorylase activity.
Association Starch accumulation correlated with Shrunken-2 transcript abundance.
Association Starch accumulation correlated with Brittle-2 transcript abundance.
Observation Kernel DNA content increased linearly up to 30 DPP.
Mechanism Endoreplication accounted for the rise in kernel DNA content up to 30 DPP.
Association Kernel DNA content had no apparent relationship with gene expression.
Observation Transcript abundance declined when kernel fill ended.
Observation Enzyme activities decreased when kernel fill ended.

Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Transcript abundance declined when kernel fill ended.

Taxon: maizeZea mayst0
Organ / stage: Kernel-fille0
Outcome: transcriptse0
Direction: declinee0

Verbatim

e0
“Kernel-fill terminated when the moisture content fell below 36% and was marked by a decline of transcripts”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1122–1228

t0
“maize kernel”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 23–35

Title

Gene expression during maize kernel development

Douglas C. Doehlert; Leslie J. Smith; Edwin R. Duke Seed Science Research 1994. doi:10.1017/s0960258500002336

Other claims from this paper (16)

Observation Early maize kernel development showed little dry weight increase.
Observation Early maize kernels accumulated high sugar concentrations.
Observation Early maize kernels accumulated high amino acid concentrations.
Observation Many transcripts appeared at 15 DPP with little evidence of translation.
Observation Total RNA rose suddenly at the initiation of kernel fill at 20 DPP.
Observation Enzyme activities increased at the initiation of kernel fill at 20 DPP.
Observation Storage product accumulation began at the initiation of kernel fill at 20 DPP.
Association Zein accumulation was highly correlated with α-zein transcript abundance during kernel fill.
Association Starch accumulation correlated with ADP-GIc pyrophosphorylase activity.
Association Starch accumulation correlated with Shrunken-2 transcript abundance.
Association Starch accumulation correlated with Brittle-2 transcript abundance.
Observation Kernel DNA content increased linearly up to 30 DPP.
Mechanism Endoreplication accounted for the rise in kernel DNA content up to 30 DPP.
Association Kernel DNA content had no apparent relationship with gene expression.
Observation Kernel fill ended when moisture content fell below 36%.
Observation Enzyme activities decreased when kernel fill ended.

Proteomics reveals the effects of drought stress on the kernel development and starch formation of waxy maize 17

Show all 17 →

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Drought significantly reduced kernel development.

Taxon: waxy maizet0
Organ / stage: Kernele0
Treatment: drought stresse0
Outcome: Kernel developmente0
Direction: reducede0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“Kernel development, starch accumulation, and activities of starch biosynthetic enzymes were significantly reduced by drought stress.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 380–512

t0
“waxy maize”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 99–109

Title

Proteomics reveals the effects of drought stress on the kernel development and starch formation of waxy maize

Jian Guo; Lingling Qu; Yifan Hu; et al. BMC Plant Biology 2021. doi:10.1186/s12870-021-03214-z

Other claims from this paper (16)

Intervention effect Drought significantly reduced starch accumulation.
Intervention effect Drought significantly reduced starch biosynthetic enzyme activities.
Intervention effect Drought changed starch granule morphology.
Intervention effect Drought accelerated grain filling rate.
Observation At 10 days after pollination, water stress yielded 487 differentially accumulated proteins.
Observation At 25 days after pollination, water stress yielded 465 differentially accumulated proteins.
Intervention effect Drought downregulated oxidation reduction and oxidoreductase proteins.
Intervention effect Drought downregulated peroxidase, catalase, and glutamine synthetase.
Intervention effect Drought downregulated abscisic acid stress ripening 1 and lipoxygenase.
Intervention effect Several endosperm and starch biosynthesis proteins were upregulated early under water stress.
Mechanism Early protein upregulation may have accelerated endosperm development and starch synthesis.
Observation Seventeen proteins remained upregulated at both sampling stages.
Observation Eleven proteins remained downregulated at both sampling stages.
Observation Four maize homologs were proposed as candidate proteins affecting kernel development and drought response.
Association Drought induced proteomic changes correlated strongly with kernel development and starch accumulation.
Association Kernel development and starch accumulation were closely related to waxy maize yield and quality.

Associationauthor interpretationoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Drought induced proteomic changes correlated strongly with kernel development and starch accumulation.

Taxon: waxy maizee0
Treatment: droughte0
Outcome: kernel development and starch accumulatione0
Qualifier: highly correlatede0

Not reportedDirection

Verbatim

e0
“The proteomic changes caused by drought were highly correlated with kernel development and starch accumulation, which were closely related to the final yield and quality of waxy maize.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1759–1943

Title

Proteomics reveals the effects of drought stress on the kernel development and starch formation of waxy maize

Jian Guo; Lingling Qu; Yifan Hu; et al. BMC Plant Biology 2021. doi:10.1186/s12870-021-03214-z

Other claims from this paper (16)

Intervention effect Drought significantly reduced kernel development.
Intervention effect Drought significantly reduced starch accumulation.
Intervention effect Drought significantly reduced starch biosynthetic enzyme activities.
Intervention effect Drought changed starch granule morphology.
Intervention effect Drought accelerated grain filling rate.
Observation At 10 days after pollination, water stress yielded 487 differentially accumulated proteins.
Observation At 25 days after pollination, water stress yielded 465 differentially accumulated proteins.
Intervention effect Drought downregulated oxidation reduction and oxidoreductase proteins.
Intervention effect Drought downregulated peroxidase, catalase, and glutamine synthetase.
Intervention effect Drought downregulated abscisic acid stress ripening 1 and lipoxygenase.
Intervention effect Several endosperm and starch biosynthesis proteins were upregulated early under water stress.
Mechanism Early protein upregulation may have accelerated endosperm development and starch synthesis.
Observation Seventeen proteins remained upregulated at both sampling stages.
Observation Eleven proteins remained downregulated at both sampling stages.
Observation Four maize homologs were proposed as candidate proteins affecting kernel development and drought response.
Association Kernel development and starch accumulation were closely related to waxy maize yield and quality.

Associationauthor interpretationoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Kernel development and starch accumulation were closely related to waxy maize yield and quality.

Taxon: waxy maizee0
Organ / stage: kernele0
Outcome: final yield and qualitye0
Qualifier: closely relatede0

Not reportedDirection

Verbatim

e0
“The proteomic changes caused by drought were highly correlated with kernel development and starch accumulation, which were closely related to the final yield and quality of waxy maize.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1759–1943

Title

Proteomics reveals the effects of drought stress on the kernel development and starch formation of waxy maize

Jian Guo; Lingling Qu; Yifan Hu; et al. BMC Plant Biology 2021. doi:10.1186/s12870-021-03214-z

Other claims from this paper (16)

Intervention effect Drought significantly reduced kernel development.
Intervention effect Drought significantly reduced starch accumulation.
Intervention effect Drought significantly reduced starch biosynthetic enzyme activities.
Intervention effect Drought changed starch granule morphology.
Intervention effect Drought accelerated grain filling rate.
Observation At 10 days after pollination, water stress yielded 487 differentially accumulated proteins.
Observation At 25 days after pollination, water stress yielded 465 differentially accumulated proteins.
Intervention effect Drought downregulated oxidation reduction and oxidoreductase proteins.
Intervention effect Drought downregulated peroxidase, catalase, and glutamine synthetase.
Intervention effect Drought downregulated abscisic acid stress ripening 1 and lipoxygenase.
Intervention effect Several endosperm and starch biosynthesis proteins were upregulated early under water stress.
Mechanism Early protein upregulation may have accelerated endosperm development and starch synthesis.
Observation Seventeen proteins remained upregulated at both sampling stages.
Observation Eleven proteins remained downregulated at both sampling stages.
Observation Four maize homologs were proposed as candidate proteins affecting kernel development and drought response.
Association Drought induced proteomic changes correlated strongly with kernel development and starch accumulation.

“kernel development”

Claim types

Direction of the findings

Over time

Claim type

Research area

Polarity

Statistics

Studies on White-Belly Rice Kernel : V. On the occurrence of white belly during the development of rice kernel, with special reference to the moisture content of kernel 20

The nutrient distribution in the continuum of the pericarp, seed coat, and kernel during Styrax tonkinensis fruit development 20

Relationship of Ear Differentiation with Kernel Development and Barrenness in Maize (Zea mays L.) 19

Meta-analysis of common wheat physiological response to biotic stresses 19

STARCH GRANULE (AMYLOPLAST) DEVELOPMENT IN ENDOSPERM OF SEVERAL ZEA MAYS L. GENOTYPES AFFECTING KERNEL POLYSACCHARIDES 18

Analysis of Quality Traits of New Varieties in Regional Test of Henan Provence 18

Accumulation Pattern of Amygdalin and Prunasin and Its Correlation with Fruit and Kernel Agronomic Characteristics during Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) Kernel Development 18

Disruption of Maize Kernel Growth and Development by Heat Stress (Role of Cytokinin/Abscisic Acid Balance) 17

Gene expression during maize kernel development 17

Proteomics reveals the effects of drought stress on the kernel development and starch formation of waxy maize 17