Abstract
With the development of water crisis, water-saving cultivation techniques are paid more and more attention in agriculture production. Rice production with soil mulch materials, as a new cropping system to save irrigation water, has been introduced to China since 1980's. In order to know if this new technique is suitable in Sichuan basin, a field experiment was carried out to study the growth characteristics and yields of rice mulched by different materials in an alluvial paddy soil. The experiment included three rice cultivation systems: traditional flooding (TF), mulch of plastic film without flooding (PM), and mulch of wheat straw without flooding (SM) at 150 N kg/hm 2 as urea, 75 P 2O 5 kg/hm 2 as calcium superphosphate and 75 K 2O kg/hm 2 as KCl, respectively. In addition, two Mn levels (0 and 1.8 Mn kg/hm 2 as 0.2% MnSO 4 solution with foliage dressing) in SM system, and four N levels (0,75, 150 and 225 N kg/hm 2) in PM system were included to determine the effect of Mn and N supply on growth and yield of mulched rice. All the N, P, K fertilizers were applied as basal application before rice transplanting. The plot size was 3 m × 8m. Each treatment had three replicates. The rice variety used was Hybrid rice “Gangyou 527”. The results showed that soil temperatures were 10 ℃ (at surface soil) and 6 ℃ (at 10 cm depth of soil) higher in PM treatment than in TF treatment at early tillering stage (17 days after rice transplanting). On the contrary, soil temperatures in SM treatment were 7 ℃ (at surface soil) and 5 ℃ (at 10 cm depth of soil) lower than in traditional flooding treatment at the same stage. The effects of increasing or decreasing soil temperature by soil mulch materials lasted more than 50 days after rice transplanting. In accordance with changes of soil temperature, the growth of rice was enhanced by PM treatment but inhibited by SM treatment especially at nutritional growing stage compared with TF treatment. In addition, serious Mn deficient symptom and lower Mn concentration in shoot of rice in SM treatment were observed at tillering stage, which led to the delayed regreening of rice, the decline in plant height, tiller number and shoot biomass. When 0.2% MnSO 4 solution (two times, 450 kg/hm 2 each) was dressed to root zone of rice at regreening stage in SM system, the plant height, tiller number and shoot biomass of rice were basically recovered compared with traditional flooding rice, suggesting that the growth decline and Mn deficiency by low temperature could be compensated by the application of Mn fertilizer. The fact that soil available Mn (DTPA extractable) was not different among TF, PM and SM cropping systems further supported the negative effect of low soil temperature on rice Mn nutrition. The yield of rice followed the sequence of PMTF and SM+MnSM. There were no significant yield differences among PM, TF and SM+Mn treatments except for the difference between SM and other three treatments. The yield response of rice to N fertilizer in PM systems was conspicuous only when the N rate was not higher than 150 N kg/hm 2. Furthermore, the yield of rice at rate of 75 N kg/hm 2 in PM system was equivalent to that at 150 N kg/hm 2 in TF system, which means that PM system has the potential to save the amount of N fertilizer compared with TF system from short-term effects. Because of no obvious water layer maintained on surface soil in PM and SM systems, water consumption in soil mulch treatments were saved by 63.1% compared with traditional flooding treatment. Meanwhile, water use efficiency in soil mulch treatments was 1-2 times greater than in traditional flooding treatment. For PM system, the growth and yield of rice were not affected by the large reduction of irrigation water. For SM system, however, the growth and yield of rice declined in relation to Mn deficiency, which mainly caused by low soil temperature at early growth stage of rice. The rice growth as well as yield in SM system could also maintain at the same level of TF system when Mn requirement was met during ric
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Plastic film mulch raised surface soil temperature by 10°C versus flooding at early tillering.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae1 - Treatment
- PM treatmente0
- Outcome
- soil temperaturese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 10 ℃e0
- Comparator
- TF treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil temperatures were 10 ℃ (at surface soil) and 6 ℃ (at 10 cm depth of soil) higher in PM treatment than in TF treatment at early tillering stage”
e1“growth of rice was enhanced”
Claim · model-written summary
Plastic film mulch raised soil temperature at 10 cm by 6°C.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- PM treatmente0
- Outcome
- soil temperaturese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 6 ℃e0
- Comparator
- TF treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil temperatures were 10 ℃ (at surface soil) and 6 ℃ (at 10 cm depth of soil) higher in PM treatment than in TF treatment at early tillering stage”
e1“growth of rice was enhanced”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw mulch lowered surface soil temperature by 7°C.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- SM treatmente0
- Outcome
- soil temperaturese0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 7 ℃e0
- Comparator
- traditional flooding treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil temperatures in SM treatment were 7 ℃ (at surface soil) and 5 ℃ (at 10 cm depth of soil) lower than in traditional flooding treatment”
e1“growth of rice was enhanced”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw mulch lowered soil temperature at 10 cm by 5°C.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- SM treatmente0
- Outcome
- soil temperaturese0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 5 ℃e0
- Comparator
- traditional flooding treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil temperatures in SM treatment were 7 ℃ (at surface soil) and 5 ℃ (at 10 cm depth of soil) lower than in traditional flooding treatment”
e1“growth of rice was enhanced”
Claim · model-written summary
Plastic film mulch enhanced rice growth versus flooding.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- PM treatmente0
- Outcome
- growth of ricee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- TF treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth of rice was enhanced by PM treatment but inhibited by SM treatment especially at nutritional growing stage compared with TF treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw mulch inhibited rice growth versus flooding.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- SM treatmente0
- Outcome
- growth of ricee0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Comparator
- TF treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth of rice was enhanced by PM treatment but inhibited by SM treatment especially at nutritional growing stage compared with TF treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw-mulched rice had manganese deficiency and lower shoot manganese.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- shoote0
- Treatment
- SM treatmente0
- Outcome
- Mn deficient symptom and lower Mn concentratione0
- Direction
- lowere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“serious Mn deficient symptom and lower Mn concentration in shoot of rice in SM treatment were observed at tillering stage”
Claim · model-written summary
Available soil manganese did not differ among the three systems.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- soil available Mne0
- Direction
- not differente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil available Mn (DTPA extractable) was not different among TF, PM and SM cropping systems”
e1“growth of rice was enhanced”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw mulch without manganese had lower rice yield than the other treatments.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- SMe0
- Outcome
- yield differencese0
- Comparator
- PM, TF and SM+Mne0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There were no significant yield differences among PM, TF and SM+Mn treatments except for the difference between SM and other three treatments”
e1“growth of rice was enhanced”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice yield response to nitrogen under film mulch was conspicuous only up to 150 N kg/hm2.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- N fertilizere0
- Outcome
- yield responsee0
- Direction
- conspicuouse0
- Qualifier
- not higher than 150 N kg/hm 2e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield response of rice to N fertilizer in PM systems was conspicuous only when the N rate was not higher than 150 N kg/hm 2”
Claim · model-written summary
Film-mulched rice at 75 N kg/hm2 yielded equivalently to flooded rice at 150 N kg/hm2.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- 75 N kg/hm 2 in PM systeme0
- Outcome
- yield of ricee0
- Direction
- equivalente0
- Comparator
- 150 N kg/hm 2 in TF systeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield of rice at rate of 75 N kg/hm 2 in PM system was equivalent to that at 150 N kg/hm 2 in TF system”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil mulch saved 63.1% water consumption versus flooding.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- soil mulch treatmentse0
- Outcome
- water consumptione0
- Direction
- savede0
- Value
- 63.1%e0
- Comparator
- traditional flooding treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“water consumption in soil mulch treatments were saved by 63.1% compared with traditional flooding treatment”
e1“growth of rice was enhanced”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil mulch improved water use efficiency one to two times versus flooding.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- soil mulch treatmentse0
- Outcome
- water use efficiencye0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 1-2 timese0
- Comparator
- traditional flooding treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“water use efficiency in soil mulch treatments was 1-2 times greater than in traditional flooding treatment”
e1“growth of rice was enhanced”
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