Abstract
Soil microorganisms play an important role in enhancing soil fertility and plant health. Nitroxin is a bio-fertilizer that is a combination of Azospirilium and Azotobacter rhizobacteria. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria can enhance biotic and abiotic stress tolerance in plants, whereas little is known regarding their roles in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) growth under drought stress conditions. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to investigate the inoculation of grain sorghum with the bio-fertilizers of Nitroxin and Glomus mosseae effects on some physiological and biochemical traits and yield of grain sorghum under drought stress conditions in the region of Saravan, Iran, in 2017 and 2018. The results of this experiment showed that severe and moderate drought stress conditions decreased the amounts of grain protein percentage, auxin (IAA) content, root colonization, grain yield, and protein yield of grain, whereas grain starch percentage, the activity of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) enzymes and content of total carotenoid, total anthocyanin, total flavonoid, electrolyte leakage, and malondialdehyde (MDA) were increased. Inoculation of sorghum plants with bio-fertilizers improved these traits (except starch content, electrolyte leakage, and MDA) under drought stress conditions as well as non-stress conditions. As a result, grain yield and protein yield of sorghum decreased by 43.77 and 43.99%, respectively, under severe drought stress conditions but co-inoculation with Nitroxin and AMF under severe drought stress conditions increased grain yield and protein yield of sorghum by 27 and 19.63%, respectively, compared to non-application of these bio-fertilizers. Thus, Nitroxin and AMF can be recommended for profitable sorghum production under drought stress conditions.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate and severe drought reduced grain protein percentage.
- Treatment
- severe and moderate drought stress conditionse0
- Outcome
- grain protein percentagee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
SorghumNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“severe and moderate drought stress conditions decreased the amounts of grain protein percentage, auxin (IAA) content, root colonization, grain yield, and protein yield of grain”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate and severe drought reduced auxin content.
- Treatment
- severe and moderate drought stress conditionse0
- Outcome
- auxin (IAA) contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“severe and moderate drought stress conditions decreased the amounts of grain protein percentage, auxin (IAA) content, root colonization, grain yield, and protein yield of grain”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate and severe drought reduced root colonization.
- Treatment
- severe and moderate drought stress conditionse0
- Outcome
- root colonizatione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“severe and moderate drought stress conditions decreased the amounts of grain protein percentage, auxin (IAA) content, root colonization, grain yield, and protein yield of grain”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate and severe drought reduced grain yield.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“severe and moderate drought stress conditions decreased the amounts of grain protein percentage, auxin (IAA) content, root colonization, grain yield, and protein yield of grain”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate and severe drought reduced grain protein yield.
- Treatment
- severe and moderate drought stress conditionse0
- Outcome
- protein yield of graine0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“severe and moderate drought stress conditions decreased the amounts of grain protein percentage, auxin (IAA) content, root colonization, grain yield, and protein yield of grain”
t0“Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought increased grain starch percentage.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolor
Sorghum bicolort0 - Treatment
- drought stresst0
- Outcome
- grain starch percentagee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“whereas grain starch percentage, the activity of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) enzymes and content of total carotenoid, total anthocyanin, total flavonoid, electrolyte leakage, and malondialdehyde (MDA) were increased.”
t0“drought stress on Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought increased catalase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase activity.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- drought stresst0
- Outcome
- activity of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) enzymese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the activity of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) enzymes and content of total carotenoid, total anthocyanin, total flavonoid, electrolyte leakage, and malondialdehyde (MDA) were increased.”
t0“drought stress on Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought increased carotenoid, anthocyanin and flavonoid content.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- drought stresst0
- Outcome
- content of total carotenoid, total anthocyanin, total flavonoide0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“content of total carotenoid, total anthocyanin, total flavonoid, electrolyte leakage, and malondialdehyde (MDA) were increased.”
t0“drought stress on Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought increased electrolyte leakage.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- drought stresst0
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakagee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“electrolyte leakage, and malondialdehyde (MDA) were increased.”
t0“drought stress on Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought increased malondialdehyde.
- Taxon
- Sorghum bicolorSorghum bicolort0
- Treatment
- drought stresst0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“malondialdehyde (MDA) were increased.”
t0“drought stress on Sorghum bicolor”
Claim · model-written summary
Biofertilizer inoculation improved the listed sorghum traits except starch content, electrolyte leakage and MDA under drought and non-stress conditions.
- Treatment
- bio-fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- these traitse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- except starch content, electrolyte leakage, and MDAe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation of sorghum plants with bio-fertilizers improved these traits (except starch content, electrolyte leakage, and MDA) under drought stress conditions as well as non-stress conditions.”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe drought reduced sorghum grain yield by 43.77%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grain yield and protein yield of sorghum decreased by 43.77 and 43.99%, respectively, under severe drought stress conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe drought reduced sorghum protein yield by 43.99%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grain yield and protein yield of sorghum decreased by 43.77 and 43.99%, respectively, under severe drought stress conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitroxin and AMF co-inoculation raised sorghum grain yield by 27% under severe drought.
- Treatment
- co-inoculation with Nitroxin and AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Second interactor
- Nitroxine0symbiont
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 27e0
- Comparator
- non-application of these bio-fertilizerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“co-inoculation with Nitroxin and AMF under severe drought stress conditions increased grain yield and protein yield of sorghum by 27 and 19.63%, respectively, compared to non-application of these bio-fertilizers.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitroxin and AMF co-inoculation raised sorghum protein yield by 19.63% under severe drought.
- Treatment
- co-inoculation with Nitroxin and AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Second interactor
- Nitroxine0symbiont
- Outcome
- protein yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 19.63%e0
- Comparator
- non-application of these bio-fertilizerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“co-inoculation with Nitroxin and AMF under severe drought stress conditions increased grain yield and protein yield of sorghum by 27 and 19.63%, respectively, compared to non-application of these bio-fertilizers.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend Nitroxin and AMF for profitable sorghum production during drought.
- Outcome
- Nitroxin and AMF can be recommended for profitable sorghum production under drought stress conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Thus, Nitroxin and AMF can be recommended for profitable sorghum production under drought stress conditions.”
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