Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of soil amendment with biochar sources (corn cobs (CC) and rice husks (RH) biochar) and irrigation regimes (alternate wetting and drying (AWD) and continuous flooding (CF)) on rice productivity, nutrients use efficiencies and irrigation water productivity (IWP) of a lowland rice system in Benin during the 2022 and 2023 growing cycles. The experiment was arranged in a split-plot design with four replicates. The results reveal that the combined use of CC or RH biochar (15 tons/ha) with chemical fertilizers significantly improved paddy rice yields by 19% compared to control (no use of biochar and use of chemical fertilisers). The alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation regime insignificantly improved paddy rice yields by 7% on average. The uptake of the three major nutrients (N, P and K) did not significantly vary with irrigation regime and biochar application. In the 2022 growing cycle, the combined use of CC or RH biochar and chemical fertilizers significantly reduced the apparent recovery rate by 42.07, 46.40 and 79.83%, and the agronomic N, P and K use efficiency by 39.91, 41.35 and 82.78%, respectively compared to control plots. In the 2023 growing cycle, the combined use of CC or RH biochar and chemical fertilizers increased apparent recovery rates by 29.09, 22.05 and 55.67% for N, P and K respectively, and their agronomic use efficiency by 40.36%. Soil amendment with CC or RH biochar significantly improved irrigation water productivity (IWP) by 18.5% on average compared to the control. AWD irrigation regime significantly improved IWP by 37% compared to the CF regime. Overall, the results of this study highlight the potential of: i) combining biochar amendment with the application of chemical fertilizers to significantly improve productivity and, ii) adopting the AWD irrigation regime without reducing yields in lowland rice systems in Benin.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Combined use of CC or RH biochar (15 tons/ha) with chemical fertilizers significantly improved paddy rice yield by 19% compared with chemical fertilizers alone.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae1 - Treatment
- CC or RH biochar (15 tons/ha) with chemical fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- paddy rice yieldse1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Value
- 19%e1
- Comparator
- control (no use of biochar and use of chemical fertilisers)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the combined use of CC or RH biochar (15 tons/ha) with chemical fertilizers significantly improved paddy rice yields by 19% compared to control (no use of biochar and use of chemical fertilisers)”
Claim · model-written summary
The AWD irrigation regime improved paddy rice yield by 7% on average, which was not significant.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation regimee1
- Outcome
- paddy rice yieldse1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Value
- 7%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation regime insignificantly improved paddy rice yields by 7% on average”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice uptake of N, P and K did not vary significantly with irrigation regime.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- irrigation regimee1
- Outcome
- uptake of the three major nutrientse1
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Productivity”
e1“The uptake of the three major nutrients (N, P and K) did not significantly vary with irrigation regime and biochar application”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice uptake of N, P and K did not vary significantly with biochar application.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- biochar applicatione1
- Outcome
- uptake of the three major nutrientse1
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Productivity”
e1“The uptake of the three major nutrients (N, P and K) did not significantly vary with irrigation regime and biochar application”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2022, biochar (CC or RH) combined with chemical fertilizers reduced the apparent recovery rate for N by 42.07 relative to control plots.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- combined use of CC or RH biochar and chemical fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- apparent recovery ratee1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 42.07e1
- Comparator
- control plotse1
- Setting
- 2022 growing cyclee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Productivity”
e1“In the 2022 growing cycle, the combined use of CC or RH biochar and chemical fertilizers significantly reduced the apparent recovery rate by 42.07, 46.40 and 79.83%, and the agronomic N, P and K use efficiency by 39.91, 41.35 and 82.78%, respectively compared to control plots”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2022, biochar (CC or RH) combined with chemical fertilizers reduced the apparent recovery rate for P by 46.40 relative to control plots.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- combined use of CC or RH biochar and chemical fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- apparent recovery ratee1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 46.40e1
- Comparator
- control plotse1
- Setting
- 2022 growing cyclee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Productivity”
e1“In the 2022 growing cycle, the combined use of CC or RH biochar and chemical fertilizers significantly reduced the apparent recovery rate by 42.07, 46.40 and 79.83%, and the agronomic N, P and K use efficiency by 39.91, 41.35 and 82.78%, respectively compared to control plots”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2022, biochar (CC or RH) combined with chemical fertilizers reduced the apparent recovery rate for K by 79.83% relative to control plots.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- combined use of CC or RH biochar and chemical fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- apparent recovery ratee1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 79.83%e1
- Comparator
- control plotse1
- Setting
- 2022 growing cyclee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Productivity”
e1“In the 2022 growing cycle, the combined use of CC or RH biochar and chemical fertilizers significantly reduced the apparent recovery rate by 42.07, 46.40 and 79.83%, and the agronomic N, P and K use efficiency by 39.91, 41.35 and 82.78%, respectively compared to control plots”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2022, biochar (CC or RH) combined with chemical fertilizers reduced the agronomic N, P and K use efficiency for N by 39.91 relative to control plots.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- combined use of CC or RH biochar and chemical fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- agronomic N, P and K use efficiencye1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 39.91e1
- Comparator
- control plotse1
- Setting
- 2022 growing cyclee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Productivity”
e1“In the 2022 growing cycle, the combined use of CC or RH biochar and chemical fertilizers significantly reduced the apparent recovery rate by 42.07, 46.40 and 79.83%, and the agronomic N, P and K use efficiency by 39.91, 41.35 and 82.78%, respectively compared to control plots”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2022, biochar (CC or RH) combined with chemical fertilizers reduced the agronomic N, P and K use efficiency for P by 41.35 relative to control plots.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- combined use of CC or RH biochar and chemical fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- agronomic N, P and K use efficiencye1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 41.35e1
- Comparator
- control plotse1
- Setting
- 2022 growing cyclee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Productivity”
e1“In the 2022 growing cycle, the combined use of CC or RH biochar and chemical fertilizers significantly reduced the apparent recovery rate by 42.07, 46.40 and 79.83%, and the agronomic N, P and K use efficiency by 39.91, 41.35 and 82.78%, respectively compared to control plots”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2022, biochar (CC or RH) combined with chemical fertilizers reduced the agronomic N, P and K use efficiency for K by 82.78% relative to control plots.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- combined use of CC or RH biochar and chemical fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- agronomic N, P and K use efficiencye1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 82.78%e1
- Comparator
- control plotse1
- Setting
- 2022 growing cyclee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Productivity”
e1“In the 2022 growing cycle, the combined use of CC or RH biochar and chemical fertilizers significantly reduced the apparent recovery rate by 42.07, 46.40 and 79.83%, and the agronomic N, P and K use efficiency by 39.91, 41.35 and 82.78%, respectively compared to control plots”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2023, biochar (CC or RH) combined with chemical fertilizers increased the apparent recovery rates for N by 29.09.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- combined use of CC or RH biochar and chemical fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- apparent recovery ratese1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 29.09e1
- Setting
- 2023 growing cyclee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Productivity”
e1“In the 2023 growing cycle, the combined use of CC or RH biochar and chemical fertilizers increased apparent recovery rates by 29.09”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2023, biochar (CC or RH) combined with chemical fertilizers increased the apparent recovery rates for P by 22.05.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- combined use of CC or RH biochar and chemical fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- apparent recovery ratese1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 22.05e1
- Setting
- 2023 growing cyclee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Productivity”
e1“In the 2023 growing cycle, the combined use of CC or RH biochar and chemical fertilizers increased apparent recovery rates by 29.09, 22.05”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2023, biochar (CC or RH) combined with chemical fertilizers increased the apparent recovery rates for K by 55.67%.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- combined use of CC or RH biochar and chemical fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- apparent recovery ratese1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 55.67%e1
- Setting
- 2023 growing cyclee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Productivity”
e1“In the 2023 growing cycle, the combined use of CC or RH biochar and chemical fertilizers increased apparent recovery rates by 29.09, 22.05 and 55.67%”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2023, biochar (CC or RH) combined with chemical fertilizers increased the agronomic use efficiency for N, P and K by 40.36%.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- combined use of CC or RH biochar and chemical fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- agronomic use efficiencye1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 40.36%e1
- Setting
- 2023 growing cyclee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Productivity”
e1“In the 2023 growing cycle, the combined use of CC or RH biochar and chemical fertilizers increased apparent recovery rates by 29.09, 22.05 and 55.67% for N, P and K respectively, and their agronomic use efficiency by 40.36%”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil amendment with CC or RH biochar significantly improved irrigation water productivity of rice by 18.5% on average compared with the control.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Soil amendment with CC or RH biochare1
- Outcome
- irrigation water productivity (IWP)e1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Value
- 18.5%e1
- Comparator
- the controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Productivity”
e1“Soil amendment with CC or RH biochar significantly improved irrigation water productivity (IWP) by 18.5% on average compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
The AWD irrigation regime significantly improved rice irrigation water productivity by 37% compared with continuous flooding.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AWD irrigation regimee1
- Outcome
- IWPe1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Value
- 37%e1
- Comparator
- CF regimee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Productivity”
e1“AWD irrigation regime significantly improved IWP by 37% compared to the CF regime”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that adopting AWD irrigation can maintain yields in lowland rice systems in Benin.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- adopting the AWD irrigation regime without reducing yieldse1
- Setting
- Benine1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“ii) adopting the AWD irrigation regime without reducing yields in lowland rice systems in Benin”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that combining biochar amendment with chemical fertilizers significantly improves rice productivity.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- combining biochar amendment with the application of chemical fertilizerse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Productivity”
e1“combining biochar amendment with the application of chemical fertilizers to significantly improve productivity”
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See all 220 papers →8 of 13 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.