Abstract
This study was conducted in the field of vegetable crops, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Design, College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq, during the spring growth season of 2024.The study aimed to investigate the effect of two factors on growth and anatomical traits of two tomato. The first factor consisted of11 treatments (Nano and conventional calcium) using different concentrations and combinations: Results of the study can be summarized as follows: Queen cultivar plants significantly outperformed GS-12 cultivar plants in plant height, leaf chlorophyll content, leaf area, percentage of dry matter in leaves. The values of these traits reached 81.181 cm plant-1, 58.367 SPAD, and 28248.8 cm2 plant-1, 18.2818%, respectively, for each trait. Plants treated with (conventional calcium 200 mg L-1) and (Nano calcium 50 mg L-1 + conventional calcium 150 mg L-1) gave the highest significant value for leaf chlorophyll content, reaching 54.967 SPAD. While the treatment (Nano calcium 150 mg L-1 + conventional calcium 50 mg L-1) achieved the highest significant value in plant height, reaching 79,000 cm2 plant-1, and all fertilizer treatments were significantly superior compared to the no-spray treatment (comparison treatment) in the number of branches and stem diameter. The plants treated with (Nano calcium 400 mg L-1) gave the best significant value in leaf area, reaching 30,727 cm2 plant-1, with significant superiority over most other treatments. As for the treatment (Nano calcium 100 mg L-1 + conventional calcium 100 mg L-1), it gave the best significant value for the percentage of dry matter, reaching 18.9667%. In general, significant increases were achieved in the case of binary interaction in the vegetative growth traits, and they were as follows: In the trait of plant height, the best significant value was obtained when treated with (Nano calcium 150 mg L-1 + conventional calcium 50 mg L-1) interacted with the Queen variety, reaching 85.333 cm plant-1. In the chlorophyll content of leaves, the treatment (conventional calcium 200 mg L-1) interacted with the Queen variety gave the best significant value, reaching 65.667 SPAD. In the trait of the number of branches and leaf area, they were obtained when treated with (Nano calcium 400 mg L-1) interacted with the Queen variety, reaching 6.9000 branches plant-1 and 41685 cm2 leaves-1. In the percentage of dry matter in leaves, the treatment (conventional calcium 400 mg L-1) interacted with the Queen variety reached 19.8667%, and the treatment (Nano calcium 50 mg L-1 + conventional calcium 150 mg L-1) intercropped with the Queen variety gave the highest significant value in stem diameter, reaching 14.4667 mm stem-1. The treatment of plants with (Nano calcium 150 mg L-1 + conventional calcium 50 mg L-1) was characterized by the highest significant values in each of the percentage of total acidity that can be adjusted, reaching 0.136533%. No significant differences were recorded between the GS-12 variety and the Queen variety in the stomatal density and stomatal area. The use of the two treatments (Nano calcium 200 mg L-1) and (conventional calcium 200 mg L-1) led to a significant increase in stomatal density, reaching 200.00 stomatal and significantly superior to the control treatment, while no significant differences were found in the control treatment. Significant differences in the gap area according to the fertilizer type compared to the comparison treatment.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato cultivar Queen significantly outperformed cultivar GS-12 in plant height, reaching 81.181 cm per plant.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Material
- Queene0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- outperformede0
- Value
- 81.181 cm plant-1e1
- Comparator
- GS-12e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Queen cultivar plants significantly outperformed GS-12 cultivar plants in plant height, leaf chlorophyll content, leaf area, percentage of dry matter in leaves”
e1“81.181 cm plant-1”
t0“two tomato cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato cultivar Queen significantly outperformed cultivar GS-12 in leaf chlorophyll content, reaching 58.367 SPAD.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Queene0
- Outcome
- leaf chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- outperformede0
- Value
- 58.367 SPADe1
- Comparator
- GS-12e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Queen cultivar plants significantly outperformed GS-12 cultivar plants in plant height, leaf chlorophyll content, leaf area, percentage of dry matter in leaves”
e1“58.367 SPAD”
t0“two tomato cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato cultivar Queen significantly outperformed cultivar GS-12 in leaf area, reaching 28248.8 cm2 per plant.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Queene0
- Outcome
- leaf areae0
- Direction
- outperformede0
- Value
- 28248.8 cm2 plant-1e1
- Comparator
- GS-12e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Queen cultivar plants significantly outperformed GS-12 cultivar plants in plant height, leaf chlorophyll content, leaf area, percentage of dry matter in leaves”
e1“28248.8 cm2 plant-1”
t0“two tomato cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato cultivar Queen significantly outperformed cultivar GS-12 in percentage of dry matter in leaves, reaching 18.2818%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Queene0
- Outcome
- percentage of dry matter in leavese0
- Direction
- outperformede0
- Value
- 18.2818%e1
- Comparator
- GS-12e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Queen cultivar plants significantly outperformed GS-12 cultivar plants in plant height, leaf chlorophyll content, leaf area, percentage of dry matter in leaves”
e1“18.2818%”
t0“two tomato cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional calcium at 200 mg L-1 and nano calcium 50 mg L-1 plus conventional calcium 150 mg L-1 gave the highest significant leaf chlorophyll content in tomato, 54.967 SPAD.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- (conventional calcium 200 mg L-1) and (Nano calcium 50 mg L-1 + conventional calcium 150 mg L-1)e0
- Outcome
- leaf chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 54.967 SPADe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants treated with (conventional calcium 200 mg L-1) and (Nano calcium 50 mg L-1 + conventional calcium 150 mg L-1) gave the highest significant value for leaf chlorophyll content, reaching 54.967 SPAD”
t0“two tomato cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Nano calcium 150 mg L-1 plus conventional calcium 50 mg L-1 gave the highest significant plant height in tomato, reported as 79,000 cm2 plant-1.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Nano calcium 150 mg L-1 + conventional calcium 50 mg L-1e0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 79,000 cm2 plant-1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the treatment (Nano calcium 150 mg L-1 + conventional calcium 50 mg L-1) achieved the highest significant value in plant height, reaching 79,000 cm2 plant-1”
t0“two tomato cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
All calcium fertilizer treatments were significantly superior to the no-spray treatment in number of branches and stem diameter in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- fertilizer treatmentse0
- Outcome
- number of branches and stem diametere0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Comparator
- no-spray treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all fertilizer treatments were significantly superior compared to the no-spray treatment (comparison treatment) in the number of branches and stem diameter”
t0“two tomato cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Nano calcium 400 mg L-1 gave the best significant tomato leaf area, 30,727 cm2 per plant, significantly superior to most other treatments.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Nano calcium 400 mg L-1e0
- Outcome
- leaf areae0
- Direction
- beste0
- Value
- 30,727 cm2 plant-1e0
- Comparator
- most other treatmentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The plants treated with (Nano calcium 400 mg L-1) gave the best significant value in leaf area, reaching 30,727 cm2 plant-1”
e1“with significant superiority over most other treatments”
t0“two tomato cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Nano calcium 100 mg L-1 plus conventional calcium 100 mg L-1 gave the best significant percentage of dry matter in tomato, 18.9667%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Nano calcium 100 mg L-1 + conventional calcium 100 mg L-1e0
- Outcome
- percentage of dry mattere0
- Direction
- beste0
- Value
- 18.9667%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As for the treatment (Nano calcium 100 mg L-1 + conventional calcium 100 mg L-1), it gave the best significant value for the percentage of dry matter, reaching 18.9667%”
t0“two tomato cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Nano calcium 150 mg L-1 plus conventional calcium 50 mg L-1 on the Queen variety gave the best significant plant height, 85.333 cm per plant.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Queene0
- Treatment
- Nano calcium 150 mg L-1 + conventional calcium 50 mg L-1e0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- beste0
- Value
- 85.333 cm plant-1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the trait of plant height, the best significant value was obtained when treated with (Nano calcium 150 mg L-1 + conventional calcium 50 mg L-1) interacted with the Queen variety, reaching 85.333 cm plant-1”
t0“two tomato cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional calcium 200 mg L-1 on the Queen variety gave the best significant leaf chlorophyll content, 65.667 SPAD.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Queene0
- Treatment
- conventional calcium 200 mg L-1e0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll content of leavese0
- Direction
- beste0
- Value
- 65.667 SPADe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the chlorophyll content of leaves, the treatment (conventional calcium 200 mg L-1) interacted with the Queen variety gave the best significant value, reaching 65.667 SPAD”
t0“two tomato cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Nano calcium 400 mg L-1 on the Queen variety gave the best number of branches in tomato, 6.9000 branches per plant.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Queene0
- Treatment
- Nano calcium 400 mg L-1e0
- Outcome
- number of branchese0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 6.9000 branches plant-1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the trait of the number of branches and leaf area, they were obtained when treated with (Nano calcium 400 mg L-1) interacted with the Queen variety, reaching 6.9000 branches plant-1 and 41685 cm2 leaves-1”
t0“two tomato cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Nano calcium 400 mg L-1 on the Queen variety gave the best leaf area in tomato, 41685 cm2 per leaves.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Queene0
- Treatment
- Nano calcium 400 mg L-1e0
- Outcome
- leaf areae0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 41685 cm2 leaves-1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the trait of the number of branches and leaf area, they were obtained when treated with (Nano calcium 400 mg L-1) interacted with the Queen variety, reaching 6.9000 branches plant-1 and 41685 cm2 leaves-1”
t0“two tomato cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional calcium 400 mg L-1 on the Queen variety gave a leaf dry matter percentage of 19.8667% in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Queene0
- Treatment
- conventional calcium 400 mg L-1e0
- Outcome
- percentage of dry matter in leavese0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 19.8667%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the percentage of dry matter in leaves, the treatment (conventional calcium 400 mg L-1) interacted with the Queen variety reached 19.8667%”
t0“two tomato cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Nano calcium 50 mg L-1 plus conventional calcium 150 mg L-1 on the Queen variety gave the highest significant stem diameter, 14.4667 mm.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Queene0
- Treatment
- Nano calcium 50 mg L-1 + conventional calcium 150 mg L-1e0
- Outcome
- stem diametere0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 14.4667 mm stem-1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the treatment (Nano calcium 50 mg L-1 + conventional calcium 150 mg L-1) intercropped with the Queen variety gave the highest significant value in stem diameter, reaching 14.4667 mm stem-1”
t0“two tomato cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Nano calcium 150 mg L-1 plus conventional calcium 50 mg L-1 gave the highest significant percentage of total adjustable acidity in tomato, 0.136533%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Nano calcium 150 mg L-1 + conventional calcium 50 mg L-1e0
- Outcome
- the percentage of total acidity that can be adjustede1
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 0.136533%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The treatment of plants with (Nano calcium 150 mg L-1 + conventional calcium 50 mg L-1) was characterized by the highest significant values”
e1“the percentage of total acidity that can be adjusted, reaching 0.136533%”
t0“two tomato cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
No significant differences were recorded between cultivars GS-12 and Queen in stomatal density and stomatal area of tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Queene0
- Outcome
- stomatal density and stomatal areae0
- Direction
- No significant differencese0
- Comparator
- GS-12e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No significant differences were recorded between the GS-12 variety and the Queen variety in the stomatal density and stomatal area”
t0“two tomato cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Nano calcium 200 mg L-1 and conventional calcium 200 mg L-1 each significantly increased stomatal density in tomato, reaching 200.00 stomata, significantly above the control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- (Nano calcium 200 mg L-1) and (conventional calcium 200 mg L-1)e0
- Outcome
- stomatal densitye0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 200.00 stomatale0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The use of the two treatments (Nano calcium 200 mg L-1) and (conventional calcium 200 mg L-1) led to a significant increase in stomatal density, reaching 200.00 stomatal and significantly superior to the control treatment”
t0“two tomato cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Gap area differed significantly according to fertilizer type compared with the comparison treatment in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- fertilizer typee0
- Outcome
- gap areae0
- Comparator
- comparison treatmente0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant differences in the gap area according to the fertilizer type compared to the comparison treatment”
t0“two tomato cultivars”
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See all 100 papers →8 of 11 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.