Abstract
Wheat is a globally vital staple, yet its yield potential is often limited by poor nutrient availability and soil constraints despite intensive cultivation. Excessive reliance on chemical fertilizers has led to soil degradation and environmental concerns. Bio-stimulants like PGPR, humic acid, seaweed extract, and Hairamin offer eco-friendly alternatives to enhance nutrient uptake and crop resilience. Thus, this study investigates the effectiveness of seed dressing and foliar application of bio-stimulants on wheat yield and productivity.Therefore, the present study was conducted during the Rabi season of 2023-2024at the Experimental Farm of Department of Agriculture, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Haryana, India. The study included eleven treatments combining various bio-stimulants with 100% RDF. Three wheat varieties DBW-222, WH-1270, and DBW-303 were tested for the impact of a bio-stimulant on wheat growth and yield. The treatments range from control to combinations of Azotobacter, humic acid, seaweed extract, organic carbon, and Hairamin. Application was done via seed dressing and foliar spray methods. The results showed that biostimulants, particularlyRDF combined with foliar application of Hairamin and seed treatment with Azotobacter, significantly improved wheat growth parameters, including plant height, tiller count, panicle length, and grain yield. After treatment the number of tillers (85.33), peduncle length (45.72), number of ears per meter row length (78.56), number of spikelets per ear (38.24), number of grains per ear (49.31), test weight (46.97 g), grain yield (59.31 q/ha), straw yield (73.60 q/ha), biological yield (132.91 q/ha), harvest index (44.63 %) increased significantly. Present studies showed that inorganic fertilizers can be reduced by using three foliar applications of Hairamin which are rich in organic carbon (18 20%), organic nitrogen (6-8%), calcium (2%), and amides and amino acids.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Biostimulant treatment significantly improved wheat plant height, tiller count and panicle length.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- RDF combined with foliar application of Hairamin and seed treatment with Azotobactere2
- Outcome
- plant height, tiller count, panicle lengthe4
- Direction
- improvede4
- Comparator
- controle1
- Setting
- Haryana, Indiae3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“The treatments range from control to combinations of Azotobacter, humic acid, seaweed extract, organic carbon, and Hairamin”
e2“particularlyRDF combined with foliar application of Hairamin and seed treatment with Azotobacter”
e3“Experimental Farm of Department of Agriculture, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Haryana, India”
e4“significantly improved wheat growth parameters, including plant height, tiller count, panicle length”
Claim · model-written summary
Biostimulant treatment increased number of tillers (85.33) in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- RDF combined with foliar application of Hairamin and seed treatment with Azotobactere2
- Outcome
- number of tillerse4
- Direction
- increaseinferrede4
- Value
- 85.33e4
- Comparator
- controle1
- Setting
- Haryana, Indiae3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“The treatments range from control to combinations of Azotobacter, humic acid, seaweed extract, organic carbon, and Hairamin”
e2“particularlyRDF combined with foliar application of Hairamin and seed treatment with Azotobacter”
e3“Experimental Farm of Department of Agriculture, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Haryana, India”
e4“number of tillers (85.33)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biostimulant treatment increased peduncle length (45.72) in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- RDF combined with foliar application of Hairamin and seed treatment with Azotobactere2
- Outcome
- peduncle lengthe4
- Direction
- increaseinferrede4
- Value
- 45.72e4
- Comparator
- controle1
- Setting
- Haryana, Indiae3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“The treatments range from control to combinations of Azotobacter, humic acid, seaweed extract, organic carbon, and Hairamin”
e2“particularlyRDF combined with foliar application of Hairamin and seed treatment with Azotobacter”
e3“Experimental Farm of Department of Agriculture, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Haryana, India”
e4“peduncle length (45.72)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biostimulant treatment increased number of ears per meter row length (78.56) in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- RDF combined with foliar application of Hairamin and seed treatment with Azotobactere2
- Outcome
- number of ears per meter row lengthe4
- Direction
- increaseinferrede4
- Value
- 78.56e4
- Comparator
- controle1
- Setting
- Haryana, Indiae3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“The treatments range from control to combinations of Azotobacter, humic acid, seaweed extract, organic carbon, and Hairamin”
e2“particularlyRDF combined with foliar application of Hairamin and seed treatment with Azotobacter”
e3“Experimental Farm of Department of Agriculture, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Haryana, India”
e4“number of ears per meter row length (78.56)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biostimulant treatment increased number of spikelets per ear (38.24) in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- RDF combined with foliar application of Hairamin and seed treatment with Azotobactere2
- Outcome
- number of spikelets per eare4
- Direction
- increaseinferrede4
- Value
- 38.24e4
- Comparator
- controle1
- Setting
- Haryana, Indiae3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“The treatments range from control to combinations of Azotobacter, humic acid, seaweed extract, organic carbon, and Hairamin”
e2“particularlyRDF combined with foliar application of Hairamin and seed treatment with Azotobacter”
e3“Experimental Farm of Department of Agriculture, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Haryana, India”
e4“number of spikelets per ear (38.24)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biostimulant treatment increased number of grains per ear (49.31) in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- RDF combined with foliar application of Hairamin and seed treatment with Azotobactere2
- Outcome
- number of grains per eare4
- Direction
- increaseinferrede4
- Value
- 49.31e4
- Comparator
- controle1
- Setting
- Haryana, Indiae3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“The treatments range from control to combinations of Azotobacter, humic acid, seaweed extract, organic carbon, and Hairamin”
e2“particularlyRDF combined with foliar application of Hairamin and seed treatment with Azotobacter”
e3“Experimental Farm of Department of Agriculture, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Haryana, India”
e4“number of grains per ear (49.31)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biostimulant treatment increased test weight (46.97 g) in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- RDF combined with foliar application of Hairamin and seed treatment with Azotobactere2
- Outcome
- test weighte4
- Direction
- increaseinferrede4
- Value
- 46.97 ge4
- Comparator
- controle1
- Setting
- Haryana, Indiae3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“The treatments range from control to combinations of Azotobacter, humic acid, seaweed extract, organic carbon, and Hairamin”
e2“particularlyRDF combined with foliar application of Hairamin and seed treatment with Azotobacter”
e3“Experimental Farm of Department of Agriculture, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Haryana, India”
e4“test weight (46.97 g)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biostimulant treatment increased grain yield (59.31 q/ha) in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- RDF combined with foliar application of Hairamin and seed treatment with Azotobactere2
- Outcome
- grain yielde4
- Direction
- increaseinferrede4
- Value
- 59.31 q/hae4
- Comparator
- controle1
- Setting
- Haryana, Indiae3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“The treatments range from control to combinations of Azotobacter, humic acid, seaweed extract, organic carbon, and Hairamin”
e2“particularlyRDF combined with foliar application of Hairamin and seed treatment with Azotobacter”
e3“Experimental Farm of Department of Agriculture, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Haryana, India”
e4“grain yield (59.31 q/ha)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biostimulant treatment increased straw yield (73.60 q/ha) in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- RDF combined with foliar application of Hairamin and seed treatment with Azotobactere2
- Outcome
- straw yielde4
- Direction
- increaseinferrede4
- Value
- 73.60 q/hae4
- Comparator
- controle1
- Setting
- Haryana, Indiae3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“The treatments range from control to combinations of Azotobacter, humic acid, seaweed extract, organic carbon, and Hairamin”
e2“particularlyRDF combined with foliar application of Hairamin and seed treatment with Azotobacter”
e3“Experimental Farm of Department of Agriculture, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Haryana, India”
e4“straw yield (73.60 q/ha)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biostimulant treatment increased biological yield (132.91 q/ha) in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- RDF combined with foliar application of Hairamin and seed treatment with Azotobactere2
- Outcome
- biological yielde4
- Direction
- increaseinferrede4
- Value
- 132.91 q/hae4
- Comparator
- controle1
- Setting
- Haryana, Indiae3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“The treatments range from control to combinations of Azotobacter, humic acid, seaweed extract, organic carbon, and Hairamin”
e2“particularlyRDF combined with foliar application of Hairamin and seed treatment with Azotobacter”
e3“Experimental Farm of Department of Agriculture, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Haryana, India”
e4“biological yield (132.91 q/ha)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biostimulant treatment increased harvest index (44.63 %) in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- RDF combined with foliar application of Hairamin and seed treatment with Azotobactere2
- Outcome
- harvest indexe4
- Direction
- increaseinferrede4
- Value
- 44.63 %e4
- Comparator
- controle1
- Setting
- Haryana, Indiae3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“The treatments range from control to combinations of Azotobacter, humic acid, seaweed extract, organic carbon, and Hairamin”
e2“particularlyRDF combined with foliar application of Hairamin and seed treatment with Azotobacter”
e3“Experimental Farm of Department of Agriculture, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Haryana, India”
e4“harvest index (44.63 %)”
Claim · model-written summary
Inorganic fertilizers can be reduced by using three foliar applications of Hairamin, according to the authors.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- three foliar applications of Hairamine6
- Outcome
- inorganic fertilizerse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e6“inorganic fertilizers can be reduced by using three foliar applications of Hairamin”
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